Jeuna

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妍華共和國
Yánghua Gònghéguó
Republic of Jeuna

Coat of Arms of Jeuna Flag Coat of Arms
Anthem: Jiāoměi Yánghua (娇美妍華) Beautiful and Graceful Jeuna
Capital (and largest city)	Harbin 45°45′0″N, 126°38′0″E
Official language	Chinese1
Government	Parliamentary republic
- President	Fan Banou
- Premier	Jin Jiahua
Formation
- National Formation Day	7 September, 1211
- Independence from China	18 August, 1921
Area
- Total	460,000 km² (55th)
	177,607 sq mi
- Water (%)	1.74
Population
- 2007 estimate	67,284,320 (19th)
- Density	146 /km² (68th)
	379 /sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2007 estimate
- Total	$1.57 trillion (11th)
- Per capita	$23,350 (33rd)
HDI (2003)	0.912 (high) (27th)
Currency	Yin (international Ỵ, Chinese 银, yín) (JNY)
Time zone	JST (UTC+9)
- Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+9)
Internet TLD	.jn
Calling code	+83
1De facto official.

Jeuna, officially the Republic of Jeuna (known in Chinese as 妍華共和國; pinyin: Yánghua Gònghéguó) is a country in East Asia (commonly considered part of Manchuria). It is bordered to the north and east by Russia and to the south and west by the People's Republic of China.

Etymology

Jeuna is usually known as Yuánguó (Chinese: 妍國) in Mandarin Chinese. The first character, 妍, means 'beautiful', while the second character, 國, means 'state' or 'country'. Christian missionaries originally translated the name as 'Beautiful Kingdom'.

The origin of the English construct 'Jeuna' may have come from two sources. The first is that 'Jeuna' was derived from Sanskrit Jun, which referenced the Jin Dynasty that ruled the area. Traders on the Silk Road may have identified themselves as such. The other possibility is that 'Jeuna' is a corruption of the original name, Yánghua.

History

Main article(s): History of Jeuna

Early Jeuna

Jeuna's history stretches back as far as the fifth century, when it was first known to be inhabited by such people as the Xianbei, the Mohe, and the Khitan. The eastern portion of Jeuna was ruled by kingdom of Bohai between the 7th century and 10th century. The Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) that subsequently ruled much of northern China arose within the borders of modern Jeuna.

Under the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the western part of Jeuna was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (its name under Chinese rule), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains; eastern Jeuna was under the supervision of the General of Jilin, whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

19th century and beyond

However, in 1858 and 1860 the Qing government gave up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to Russia, cutting China off from the Sea of Japan and giving Jeuna its present northern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region. Foreign rule over the region ended in 1911 with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and in 1921 formalised its independence with the codification of a constitution.

In 1922, Soviet-backed guerilla forces waged a war to establish a communist-style government in Jeuna, whose progress was stalled by secret United States intervention. The rebels were eventually put down, and Jeuna became an unofficial ally of the US; it formalised this relationship with the adoption of the Treaty of Harbin in 1931.

Government and politics

Main article(s): Government of Jeuna

Foreign relations

Main article(s): Foreign relations of Jeuna

Jeuna maintains a strong relationship with the United States, and has historically disagreed with both the People's Republic of China and North Korea since their communist revolutions. For a time, Jeuna was an important strategic foothold against the USSR, and several bases were built in the north and eastern areas of the country as a precautionary measure to stave off invasions by the Soviets.

Military

Main article(s): Military of Jeuna

Jeuna possesses a small military force, which has evolved from being dependent on United States hardware to being almost entirely self-sufficient. It is composed of two branches, which are the Republican Guard and the Jeunese Air Defence Force.

The Republican Guard also operates several riverine defence vessels for patrolling the Amur River and its tributaries. These vessels are organised into the Republican Guard River Defence Force.

Administrative divisions

Main article(s): Administrative divisions of Jeuna

Jeuna is divided into thirteen province-level divisions, consisting of twelve province-level cities and one province:

• Harbin Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨市, Hanyu Pinyin: Hā'ěrbīn shì)
• Qiqihar (齐齐哈尔市 Qíqíhā'ěr shì)
• Hegang (鹤岗市 Hègǎng shì)
• Shuangyashan (双鸭山市 Shuāngyāshān shì)
• Jixi (鸡西市 Jīxī shì)
• Daqing (大庆市 Dàqìng shì)
• Yichun (伊春市 Yīchūn shì)
• Mudanjiang (牡丹江市 Mǔdānjiāng shì)
• Jiamusi (佳木斯市 Jiāmùsī shì)
• Qitaihe (七台河市 Qītáihé shì)
• Heihe (黑河市 Hēihé shì)
• Suihua (绥化市 Suíhuà shì)
• Daxing'anling Province (大兴安岭地区 Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū)^[1]

The thirteen province-level divisions of Jeuna are subdivided into 130 county-level divisions (65 districts, nineteen county-level cities, forty-five counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

See Administrative divisions of Jeuna for a complete list of county-level divisions.

Geography

Main article(s): Geography of Jeuna

Jeuna is a land of varied topography. Much of the country is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Datudingzi at 1690 m (5545 ft), located on the border with the People's Republic of China). The Greater Khingan Range contains Jeuna's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for Jeuna's forestry industry.

The interior of the country, which is relatively flat and low in altitude, contains the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Jeuna is subarctic in climate. Winters are long and frigid, with an average of −31 to −15°C in January, and summers are short and cool with an average of 18 to 23°C in July. The annual average rainfall is 500 to 600 mm, concentrated mostly in summer.

Major cities:

• Harbin
• Qiqihar
• Mudanjiang
• Jiamusi
• Yichun
• Daqing
• Heihe
• Shuangyashan

Economy

Main article(s): Economy of Jeuna

Jeuna's economy has been rapidly transformed in recent years from a system largely dependant on agriculture and logging industries to one that is widely-diversified and technologically advanced. Jeuna has the world's 13th largest economy and Asia's 4th's largest (ranking 3rd in Asia and 11th in the world in purchasing power parity); it is one of the Five Asian Tigers. One of Jeuna's major buyers is the People's Republic of China.

Demographics

The majority of Jeuna's population is Han Chinese, while other ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Daur, Xibe, Oroqin, Hezhen and Russians.

Culture

Main article(s): Jeunese culture

References and notes