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−	{{Infobox_Nation |	+	<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right"
−	flag=http://www.nationstates.net/images/flags/uploads/latao.jpg |	+	style="margin-left:0.5em;" width="300px">
−	region=[[Atlantian Oceania]] |	+	<caption><font size=" 1">'''''Confoederatio Latinum'''''</font></caption>
−	motto=We make the World go around|	+	<tr><td style="background:#333333;" align="center" colspan="2">
−	map=none |	+	<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
−	language=German |	+	<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0">
−	capital=Luzern|	+	<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;">http://www.nationstates.net/images/flags/uploads/latao.jpg</td></tr>
−	population=1 Billion|	+	</table></td></tr>
−	currency=Latinum |	+	<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"><font
−	leader=NEC	+	size="-1">''"We make the World go around"''</font></td></tr>
−	}}	+	<tr><td>[[Region]]</td><td>[[Global Right Alliance]]</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Population</td><td>over 2 billion</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>[[Language|Official Language]]</td><td>[[German]], [[English]]</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>[[Capital]]</td><td>Luciaria</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Leader</td><td>National Executive Committee</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>State Type</td><td>Democracy</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Government</td><td>Right-winged</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Currency</td><td>Latinum</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>National Anthem</td><td>''"Latao above Everything!"''</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>National Animal</td><td>Scooby-Doo</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Internet TLD </td><td>.cl</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Dial Code</td><td>007</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Country Code</td><td>CL</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td>Map</td><td>[(none)]</td></tr>
		+	<tr><td style="background:#333333;" align="center" colspan="2">
		+	<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"><font
		+	size="-2">Stats: [http://nseconomy.thirdgeek.com/nseconomy.php?nation=Latao NSEconomy] [http://www.nationstates.net/cgi-bin/nationdata.cgi/nation=Latao XML]</font></td></tr>
		+	<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;">http://www.nationstates.net/images/flags/uploads/latao-nyssa.jpg</td></tr>
		+	</table></td></tr>
		+	<tr><td align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"><font
		+	size="-2">''"Constitution of the Confederacy of Latao"''</font></td></tr>
		+	</table>
−	==What the UN says about us==	+	=Preamble=
		+	We the people of Latao shall create this federation to secure our freedom and to protect the individual. We shall create a peaceful society and work for prosperity and social security, while respecting law and order and the rights of other people.
−	The Confederacy of Latao is a huge, economically powerful nation, notable for its complete absence of social welfare. Its hard-nosed, hard-working, intelligent population enjoys a sensible mix of personal and economic freedoms, while the political process is open and the people's right to vote held sacrosanct.	+	This Federal Constitution declares the bill of rights for the Confederacy.
−	There is no government in the normal sense the word; however, a small group of community-minded, pro-business individuals juggles the competing demands of Commerce, Law & Order, and Education. Income tax is unheard of. A powerhouse of a private sector is led by the Book Publishing industry, followed by Automobile Manufacturing and Gambling.	+
		+	=Article I – State Organization=
		+	The Confederacy of Latao is a democratic federal state. Its districts are sovereign as long their sovereignty is not limited by this federal constitution.
−	The military frequently holds bake sales to raise funds, citizens are frequently held up at gunpoint by their local pizza delivery boys, children deemed 'disorderly' or otherwise unfit for public schools are shipped off to military academies, and the nation is experiencing a severe shortage of sporting events. Crime -- especially youth-related -- is a problem. Latao's national animal is the scooby-doo and its currency is the latinum.	+	The Confederacy of Latao is ruled by an Executive and a bi-cameral Legislative, while the judicial branch is separated from the politics.
−	==Constitution==	+	==§1 – National Council==
−	The Constitution of the Confederacy of Latao defines a democratic federal state with direct-democracy.	+	All power defined by this constitution is given to the National Council. The National Council consists of 300 Representatives that represent the citizens of Latao. Every district may send one Representative to the National Council per 50,000 citizens.
−	Citizens and Parliament members, may request to change the constitution and laws using the democratic instrument ‘Referendum’.	+
−	===Constitutional Referendum===	+	===§1.1 – First National Council President===
−	The Constitutional Referendum is the most powerful democratic instrument in the Confederacy of Latao. This type of referendum targets at changing one or more articles in either the Federal Constitution or a District’s Constitution.	+	The First National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
−	A Constitutional Referendum can be called either by members of the parliament or by the citizens directly:	+
−	'''''Constitutional Referendum called by Citizens'''''	+	===§1.2 – Second National Council President===
		+	The Second National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
		+	The Second National Council President becomes active when the First National Council President can not serve.
−	The Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may force a poll for changes in the constitution by collecting signatures.	+	===§1.3 – Third National Council President===
−	100.000 signatures are required to call a poll on Federal Level.	+	The Third National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
−	A smaller number of signatures, that is defined by the Districts Constitutions, is required to call a local poll for changes in the constitution on District Level.	+	The Third National Council President becomes active when the First and the Second National Council Presidents can not serve.
−	'''''Constitutional Referendum called by Parliament'''''	+	==§2 – Senator Council==
		+	The Senator Council consists of 45 Senators that represent the districts of Latao. Every district may send exactly three Senators to the Senator Council.
−	The Members of the Legislative (Confederacy Council & Senator Council) may force a poll for changes in the constitution by collecting endorsements from other members.	+	===§2.1 – Senator Council President===
−	10 endorsements (out of 300) are required to call a poll for changes in the constitution on Federal Level from the Federal Council;	+	The Senator Council President represents the Senator Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
−	2 endorsements (out of 45, 2 per District) are required to call a poll for changes in the constitution on Federal Level from the Senator Council	+
−	===Administrative Referendum===	+	===§2.2 – Vice Senator Council President===
		+	The Vice Senator Council President represents the Senator Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
		+	The Vice Senator Council President becomes active when the Senator Council President can not serve.
−	The Administrative Referendum targets at changing one or more laws on either Federal or local (Districts & Communities) Level. Since these changes are not deeply reflected in the Constitution, an Administrative Referendum can be held easier than a Constitutional Referendum.	+
−	An Administrative Referendum can be called directly by the citizens:	+	==§3 – National Executive Committee==
		+	The National Executive Committee consists of seven Councilors that operationally lead the Confederacy of Latao. Each Councilor is the head of a department that contains ministries or other state-run offices and authorities.
−	'''''Administrative Referendum called on Federal Level'''''	+	The in-percentage strength of a party in the parliament defines how the seats in the National Executive Committee are distributed. In case of unclear mathematical situations, the strongest party in the parliament may receive a third seat in the National Executive Committee.
−	The Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may force a poll for changes in laws on Federal Level by collecting 50.000 signatures.	+	The National Executive Committee operates as a collective in which every Councilor has equal rights.
−	'''''Administrative Referendum called on District Level'''''	+	It is up to the members of the National Executive Committee to distribute the departments between themselves.
−	The Citizens of the affected District may force a poll for changes in laws on District Level by collecting signatures. The number of required signatures is defined by the District’s Constitution.	+	===§3.1 – Federal President===
		+	The Federal President is part of the National Executive Committee. He plans and schedules the sessions of the National Executive Committee. The Federal President also has the power to give tie-breaking decisions.
−	'''''Administrative Referendum called on Community Level'''''	+	==§4 – Supreme Court==
		+	The Supreme Court consists of eleven judges that operate independent from the Executive and the Legislative.
−	The Citizens of the affected Community may force a poll for changes in laws on Community Level by collecting signatures. The number of required signatures is defined by the Community’s local government (Execute & Legislative authorities)	+	===§4.1 – High Judge===
		+	The High Judge represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.
−	===Dogmas===	+
−	We believe in Democracy, Neutrality, Freedom and Federalism packed into free social-market economy.	+	=Article II – Governing=
−	Our keywords to success are strong political rights for citizens, low tax duties and wide economic freedoms.	+
−	==Electoral System==	+	==§1 – Legislation Power==
		+	All legislation activity starts from the National Council. If a proposal passed a poll in the National Council it is submitted to the Senator Council, which may modify it.
−	The electoral system of Latao defines rules that apply to all institutions at all levels of the nation:	+	If a proposal is accepted by the Senator Council then the Senator Council submits it to the National Executive Committee which executes the new law.
−	# Elected directly by the citizens of Latao	+
−	# The election period is four years	+
−	===Periods===	+	If a proposal is being modified by the Senator Council, it must be returned to the National Council giving information on the reason(s) of that denial.
		+	The National Council must discuss the rejected proposal and the list of reasons and then hold a poll if the proposal should be revised.
−	Elections are held on the second Sunday of October, every four years. If a member quits his service of an institution due to any reasons, replacement elections must be held within a period of 30 days.	+	A proposal maybe given to the Senator Council for confirmation up to three times; if these roundtrips do not lead to a common solution, a Unification Commission is built.
−	===Voters===	+	The responsible councilor of the National Executive Committee is involved in the discussion for all steps of the governing act.
−	Everyone is encouraged to vote who meets the following requirements:	+
−	# Citizen of the Confederacy of Latao	+	===§1.1 – Election of the Unification Commission===
−	# Completed their 18th year of living	+	The Unification Commission consists of eleven members, elected by the parliament when needed, to solve one specific proposal.
−	===Electioneers===	+	Six of its members and the President must be Representatives and five of its members must be Senators.
−	Everyone is encouraged to run for political office who meets the following requirements:	+
−	# Citizen of the Confederacy of Latao	+	The President has tie-breaking powers.
−	# Completed their 18th year of living	+
−	# Must not have any criminal records related to manipulation of elections or corruption.	+
−	==State Organization==	+	===§1.2 – Process of the Unification Commission===
		+	The Unification Commission discusses the proposal and acknowledges all additional amendments and revisions.
−	The Confederacy of Latao consists of 15 Districts, each formed by numerous Municipalities.	+	The President schedules a final poll of the Unification Commission about the proposal. If the revised proposal passed the poll, it is submitted to the National Executive Committee, other ways the proposal is definitely failed.
−	===Confederacy===	+
		+	==§2 – Direct Democracy==
		+	The citizens may request constitutional revisions in accordance with Article V.
−	The Confederacy of Latao is the administrative top level of the nation. It concentrates the base State leading authorities, which enjoy some exclusive special privileges over Districts and Municipalities.	+	The citizens may also request a poll on new law or the modification or removal of existing law by collecting 50,000 valid signatures. The proposal shall become legal law if the majority of the citizens votes for it.
−	The Confederacy operates the centralized Executive, Legislative and Judicative authorities, which form the final instances of the governing bodies. It deals with all matters of national interest and releases authoritative laws for all Districts and Municipalities, based on the Confederacy-Constitution (federal Constitution).	+	The parliament releases an electoral law that defines additional details regarding federal polls.
−	Some of the most important competences of the Confederacy are federal law, military & financial management on the State level and the exclusive privilege of international relationships.	+	==§3 – Defense==
		+	The National Executive Committee may mobilize the nation’s military at any time to secure and to ensure its interests. If a mission extends the duration of two months, the parliament must endorse it.
−	===District===	+	==§4 – Sessions==
−	Districts form the actual parts of the land that makes up the Confederacy of Latao. As the nation’s pre-title tells, Latao is a federal State. This means, every District has wide independence within the country. That’s why a District is also often referred to as a ''State''.	+	===§4.1 – Executive===
−	Therefore, every District has its own Executive, Legislative and Judicative authorities, which operate on District/State level.	+	The National Executive Committee is a permanent authority. The authority must ensure that it may serve the complete year without interruption.
−	The District (or State) has competence over most matters that affect it. Every District has its own Constitution and may inherit laws from it, as long these laws and the underlying District-Constitution does not violate the federal Constitution of the Confederacy or federal laws. Districts have also control over their law enforcement authorities (such as police) and their tax authorities, as well as financial management and numerous local administrative privileges.	+	The National Executive Committee may request sessions of the Legislative and Judicative at any time.
−	===Municipality===	+	===§4.2 – Legislative===
		+	The National Council and the Senator Council are militia authorities. Its members shall come together at least once in four months.
−	Most Municipalities have their own Executive and Legislative authorities – some of them even their own Judicative. In some Districts, several Municipalities centralize all of these authorities (which is based either on historical inheritance or simple financial optimization). This administrative local form of State Organization is called a ''Region''.	+	===§4.3 – Judicative===
		+	The Supreme Court is a permanent authority. The authority must ensure that is may serve the complete year without interruption.
		+
		+	=Article III – Electoral System=
−	The Municipality or Region has competence over many local matters, such as tax authorities, financial management and numerous local administrative privileges.	+	==§1 – Terms==
		+	All directly elected positions (including the members of the judicative branch) are subject of a four year term. Begin of a term is the first day of the month January of the following year when the candidate was elected. The term ends in the last day of the month December of the last year of the term.
−	==State Institutions==	+	All indirectly elected positions (excluding the members of the National Executive Committee and the judicative branch, but including the Federal President and the High Judge) are subject of a one year term. Begin of a term is the first day in the month of January when the candidate was elected. The term ends in the last day of the month December.
−	The federal Constitution demands the separation of powers within the entire nation. Therefore, the State of Latao is founded on three fundamental institutions:	+	==§2 – Electoral Regulations==
		+	Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may vote when they are 21 years of age or older. Every voter has as many votes as there are Representatives assigned with his/her district of living and three votes for the Senator Council.
−	===Executive===	+	Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may be voted when they are 25 years of age or older and living in the district of election for at least 10 years.
−	The Executive authorities of all levels of the nation are elected directly by the people for a period of four years. It leads together with the Legislative by releasing laws and directives and giving orders to the Legislative.	+	==§3 – Electoral Votes==
		+	Every citizen has as many votes for the National Council as there are seats assigned with the district where the voter lives and exactly three votes for the Senator Council seats assigned with the district where the voter lives.
−	The Executive authorities on District and Municipality level consist of five members, including a president. There are a few differences in the organization of the federal Executive authority, which is named the ''National Executive Committee (NEC)'' as described below:	+	==§4 – Electoral Areas==
		+	Every district is a complete electoral area. Valid citizens may candidate for a seat in the parliament only in the district they live. Only candidates of the district where the voter lives may be elected.
−	# The NEC consists of seven members, including a president.	+	The parliament releases an electoral law that defines additional details regarding federal elections.
−	# The NEC-members take the office as a “full-time job” and are paid by the State of Latao.	+
−	# The way the NEC is assembled is based on the strength of each political party in the federal Legislative (''Confederacy Council'') – the stronger a party is, the more people it can send to the NEC.	+
−	# No District may send more than one member to the NEC at once.	+
−	===Legislative===	+
		+	==§5 – Voting Process==
−	The Legislative authorities of all levels of the nation are elected directly by the people for a period of four years. It leads together with the Executive by releasing laws and giving orders to the Executive.	+	===§5.1 Legislative===
−	There are a few differences in the organization of the authorities of the State levels as described below:	+	Political parties create two lists of candidates for the National Council and the Senator council.
−	On the Confederacy Level:	+	One list contains as many printed names of candidates of the party as there are Representative seats assigned with the district. The other list contains as many empty fields as there are Representative seats assigned with the district.
−	# Latao’s parliament is a two-chamber legislative. The big chamber is named ''Confederacy Council (CC)'' and represents the people of Latao, while the small chamber, the ''Senator Council (SC)'' – which is sometimes simply referred to as ''Senate'' represents the Districts of the country.	+
−	# The number of citizen living in a District determines the number of people that District may send to the Confederacy Council (CC). The Confederacy Council itself is limited to 300 seats.	+
−	# The Senator Council (SC) is limited to 45 seats, which means, that each District may send exactly three people to the Senate to represent it.	+
−	On the District Level:	+	The third list is a blank list that is not linked with any party. This list contains as many empty fields as there are Representative seats assigned with the district.
−	# The parliaments of the Districts are also two-chamber legislatives, organized the same way as the federal parliament. The terms used to refer to District-level parliaments are ''Small Chamber'' and ''Big Chamber''. The small Chambers represent the Municipalities and the Big Chambers represent the people who live in the District.	+
−	# The number of citizen living in a Municipality determines the number of people that Municipality may send to the District Council (DC).	+
−	# The numbers of seats in the Chambers depend on the District’s Constitution and may vary.	+
−	===Judicative===	+	The voter must only use and then submit one of these three lists.
−	The Judicative authorities of all levels of the nation ere elected directly by the people for a period of four years. It controls the governing bodies (Executive and Legislatives) by wrangling over legal matters and it may cancel laws that are in conflict with constitutional definitions.	+	If the voter submits the list with the printed names, all of these candidates receive a vote.
−	The first instance for justice cases is the Judicative authority of the Municipality or Region. Adjustments can be taken up to the Confederacy Judicative (Confederacy Court), which then is final.	+	In case the voter wishes to vote for different candidates of the same party that may not be listed on the printed list, the voter may manually fill in the names of the candidates he wishes to vote for.
−	==Internal Policies==	+	The voter may mix candidates of different parties by manually filling in the names of the candidates he/she wishes to vote for into the blank list.
−	===Current Discussions===	+	If using an empty or blank list, the voter may fill in the same name(s) of candidate(s) as there are fields on the list.
−	There are currently three major issues discussed in the government of Latao:	+
−	'''''More Competences for the Federal President'''''	+	The responsible electoral authorities of the district submit the sealed boxes with the envelopes of the voters to the parliament, where the boxes are opened under the eyes of the Representatives and Senators.
−	Latao is currently being ruled by a committee of seven members, including a president. The president of this committee (''NEC'') only has minor privileges over his colleges; such as planning meetings and representing the country in abroad. When it comes to make a decision, all members of the ''NEC'' must participate on an internal vote.	+	The seats assigned to a district are distributed to the candidates with the highest amount of votes.
−	The issue currently discussed in the government and the medias (as well as the society) is if this should be changed. The job of the ''Federal President'' would then be called ''Prime Minister'' and the holder would have clear competences over the ''NEC''.	+
−	If the issue would pass, the ''Prime Minister'' would be elected directly from the citizens of Latao after the other “common” seven members of the ''NEC'' have been elected. The elected seven members can then run for the office of the ''Prime Minister''.	+	===§4.2 Executive===
−	(Currently, the ''Federal President'' is voted indirectly by the members of the ''NEC'')	+	The National Executive Committee is elected indirectly by both chambers of the parliament. The election must be held from the newly elected parliament in the last day of December of the year of its election on the latest.
−	'''''Representative Office'''''	+	A candidate for a seat in the National Executive Committee is elected, if he/she receives two-thirds of the votes of the presenting parliament members.
−	Where required, for example in the Atlantian Oceania regional council or the UN, Latao is represented by the ''Federal President''.	+	The members of the National Executive Committee must distribute the departments between themselves and vote for a Federal President in the first ten days of their term.
−	The issue currently discussed in the government and the medias (as well as the society) is if this should be changed and a new office should be created. This new job would be titled ''Federal President'' in case the above issue passes or probably simply ''President'' if not. The idea is to create an office that represents the Confederacy of Latao in all other nations or international institutions without being “abused” by the political parties for their interests, to guarantee stability by political independence. The holder of this office would not have permissions to rule, but he/she can support the government with suggestions.	+	===§4.3 Judicative===
		+	The Supreme Court is elected indirectly by both chambers of the parliament. The election must be held from the newly elected parliament in the last day of December of the year of its election on the latest.
−	'''''Limited Terms'''''	+	A candidate for a seat in the Supreme Court is elected, if he/she receives two-thirds of the votes of the presenting parliament members.
−	There is currently no limitation for political terms defined by the constitution. The constitution only says, that a term is four years; for all offices on all administrative levels of the nation. We never saw a holder of an office for more than four terms (16 years).	+	The members of the Supreme Court must vote for a High Judge in the first ten days of their term.
−	The issue currently discussed in the government and the medias (as well as the society) is if terms should be limited. The ideas vary from two up to four terms.	+	==§5 – Renewal Elections==
		+	Complete renewal elections for all authorities are held every four years in the second Sunday of the month October.
−	==Foreign Policies==	+
		+	==§6 - Replacement Elections==
−	Latao's primary interesst in its foreign policies are the good reletationships with its regional neighbour countries in Atlantian Oceania. The Latin Confederacy is interessted in economy & trade relationships with its neighbours.	+	===§6.1 – National Council===
		+	If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the candidate with the next best electoral result of the same district automatically takes that seat, regardless of the party.
−	===Memberships===	+	If a president of the National Council can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within ten days.
−	The Confederacy of Latao is a member of the following international Organisations:	+
−	'''''AORDO'''''	+	===§6.2 – Senator Council===
		+	If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the candidate with the next best electoral result of the same district automatically takes that seat, regardless of the party.
−	The Atlantian Oceania Regional Defense Organisation is the Region's main defensive alliance, protecting the Region as a whole from attack, headed by Starblaydia	+	If a president of the Senator Council can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within then days.
−	'''''Regional Council'''''	+	===§6.3 – National Executive Committee===
		+	If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the party must nominate candidates for renewal elections which must be held within the next 30 days.
−	The Atlantian Oceania Regional Council is the Region's international co-operation institution.	+	If the Federal President can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within the first ten days after the National Executive Committee is complete again.
−	===Allies===	+	===§6.4 – Supreme Court===
−	As a neutral State, Latao does not really have 'allies' in the normal sense of the word. The Confederacy of Latao, however, turns towards the following friend-nations that share our ideology and visions:	+	If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, renewal elections must be held within the next 30 days.
−	# The Sacrosanct Realm of [[Xile]]	+	If the High Judge can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within ten days.
−	# The Free Republic of [[Lamoni]]	+
−	# The Protectorate of [[Starblaydia]]	+
−	===Embassies===	+	==§7 – Political Parties==
−	The Confederacy of Latao does not operate embassies in every country. We do currently not have any embassies outside the region of Atlantian Oceania.	+	The parliament releases law regarding details on political parties. Parties are valid if they respect this democratic constitution.
−	Citizens of other countries that wish to get in contact with officials or Latin authorities, please use the embassy that is closest to your location. You may see on the list of embassies, which place that is responsible for you.	+
−	People living outside of Oceania, are encouraged to send their request directly to the office for International Communication (Ministry of foreign Affairs) to Latao.	+	=Article IV – Constitutional Changes=
−	Please note, that specific terms may apply for a country, even if that country is served by a Latin embassy located in another nation.	+	==§1 – Legitimating==
−	Regarding services and terms please see the declaimer below.	+	Every revision of this constitution must pass a poll with double-majority, regardless what governing body (including the citizens) has requested the change.
−	The service times of an embassy may vary, please note, that we can only serve requests made in either the official language of Latao (German) or English – any other documents will be ignored. We do not provide translation services; please contact your local service provider instead.	+	Double-majority means, that the absolute number of votes and the number of districts must be supporting a proposal. The vote of a district is the majority of the voters living in that district.
−	Please use the official forms for any requests and fill them in correctly. Invalid forms or other, “hand-made” documents will be ignored or extra charged.	+	===§1.1 – Legislative Requests===
		+	A poll to request a revision of this constitution maybe held if two-third of the presenting members of the parliament votes for the proposal.
−	Official embassy buildings are called “Embassy of the Confederacy of Latao”. Since many processed are internally submitted to the responsible ministry in Latao, your request may take up to 10 weeks to proceed – express requests are available in some embassies.	+	===§1.2 – Citizen Requests===
		+	A poll to request a revision of this constitution maybe held if 100,000 valid signatures are collected of citizens supporting a proposal.
−	'''''Service & Terms Disclaimer'''''	+	==§2 – Stability==
		+	No more than five articles or paragraphs maybe changed at once. No law maybe given that limits or voids this constitution.
		+
		+	=Article V – Rights of the Districts=
−	As mentioned above, some specific terms may apply to a country and not all services may be available for a specific country.	+	==§1 – Sovereignty==
−	The following manifesto should answer the most important questions:	+	The districts are sovereign as long their sovereignty is not limited by this constitution.
−	''Which embassy should I contact ?''	+	Every district gives itself a democratic constitution that must be revision able by the citizens of that district. The parliament confirms the constitution if it is not in conflict with federal law.
−	Please contact the embassy that is the closest to your location, even if the embassy is outside your own country.	+	==§2 – Security==
		+	The districts have the right to build and to command their own police forces.
−	''Why is there no embassy available in my country ?''	+	==§3 – Finance & Treasury==
		+	The districts have the right to administrate their finances and create their own tax laws.
−	Due to budget limitations, we can not operate embassies in every country. We do however not operate embassies outside the region of Atlantian Oceania and in war zones, including “dangerous areas” – countries that can not ensure the security of our diplomatic personnel.	+	==§4 – Justice==
		+	Every district may create its own local courts. Judicial trials can be brought up to the federal court or Supreme Court responsible for the trial.
−	''Is there are any key used to determine where an embassy is located ?''
−	Except the above killer-criterias (war-zone) we do operate an embassy in countries of Latin interests. This means, economy partner nation with a yearly GDP per capita above $30.000 and common vacation destinations, as well host-nations for international institutions, such as the Atlantian Oceania Regional council. We also operate an embassy at the United Nations head quarter; this is the only embassy outside Atlantian Oceania.	+
		+	=Article VI – Rights of the Confederacy=
−	''Is there any special terms that apply for my country to enter Latao ?''	+	==§1 – Justice==
−	Citizens from countries with a gross domestic product per capita of less than $10.000 per year are required to pay a deposit of 50 Latinums per day for their stay in Latao. The deposit must be paid onto a locked account on a Latin bank (required forms are available from the embassy). The deposit is returned on the day of departure from Latao (the bank account will be unlocked and you can remove and/or close the account if you do not need it anymore)	+	The Confederacy has the right to create specialized courts under the supervision of the Supreme Court.
−	''What is the purpose of that deposit ?''	+	==§2 – Defense==
		+	The Confederacy has the right to build and to command armies that operate in domestic and foreign areas.
−	We charge this deposit as a security for travelers from economically weak countries. The deposit is used in case travelers need basic social support, such as food or a place to sleep, hygienic care and clothes as well as basic medicine services provided by the state of Latao (or actually a municipality) – the deposit is also used if a traveler does not return to his country due to the date specified in his visa or stay permission; please note, that the deposit can be confiscated in this case.	+	The National Executive Committee may activate the law of war for a maximum period of seven days. Longer periods have to be confirmed by the parliament and can not exceed the duration of one year.
−	''Is a visa required to enter Latao ?''	+	==§3 – Security==
		+	The Confederacy has the right to build and to command federal police forces that operate in domestic and foreign areas.
−	Citizens of countries with a GDP per capita of more than $35.000 per year do not need a visa to enter Latao, if they do not stay in Latao for more than 90 days per year and no stay is longer than 30 days without an interruption of at least 2 days.	+	==§4 – Finance & Treasury==
−	These travelers may also request an express visa where a visa is required.	+	The Confederacy is responsible to the federal finance administration which includes the right of charging direct federal taxes and national customs.
−	Citizens of countries with a GDP per capita of more than $25.000 per year and an unemployment rate of less than 15 % do not need a visa to enter Latao, if they do not stay in Latao for more than 60 years per year and no stay is longer than 30 days without an interruption of at least 2 days.	+	No domestic taxes between the districts are allowed.
−	These travelers may also request an express visa where a visa is required.	+
−	Citizens of countries with a GDP per capita of more than $10.000 per year and an unemployment rate of less than 10 % do not need a visa to enter Latao, if they do not stay in Latao for more than 14 days per year.	+	===§4.1 – Financial Revision===
−	These travelers may also request an express visa where a visa is required.	+	The parliament is responsible to the financial administration of the national treasury.
−	Citizens from other countries or countries outside Atlantian Oceania are required to obtain a visa from their responsible embassy.	+	==§5 – Immigration & Citizenship==
		+	The Confederacy has the right to grant and to remove citizenship. Holders of the Latin passport may not own foreign citizenships concurrently.
−	Student visas and work permissions are available to citizens from all countries in the world, except countries listed on a “black list”.	+	==§6 – Traffic & Communication==
		+	The Confederacy has the right to release laws regarding roads and communication ways. Censorship of Medias is prohibited.
−	Where a visa is required, travelers must provide an address of a host (such as a hotel, private people etc.) where they are living and how they can be reached. This information is submitted to the office of migration.	+	===§6.1 – Censorship of Medias in Times of War===
		+	The National Executive Committee may utilize censorship of Medias when the international situation should require prevention of provocations.
−	====List of Embassies====	+	The parliament must confirm this state after a period of six months and may extend the censorship for another six months.
−	Based on international research data from April 12, 2005 the following 10 countries meet the economic requirements (GDP per capita > $30.000) to host a Latin embassy:	+
−	Bedistan	+	==§7 – Foreign Relations==
		+	The Confederacy has the exclusive right of foreign relations.
−	New Manhattan	+
		+	=Article VII – Rights of the Citizens=
−	Nova Roma	+	==§1 – Justice==
−	Coketown	+	===§1.1===
		+	No one maybe imprisoned if there is no law which defines the situation of question.
−	Doujin	+	===§1.2===
		+	Arrested people have the right bring their case to a court within 48 hours.
−	Mirimana	+	===§1.3===
		+	The death penalty may not be sentenced for political reasons. The Supreme Court is the only authority to deal with death penalties.
−	Starblaydia	+	===§1.4===
		+	No one may be sentenced for the same judicial case multiple times. A trial and its sentence are accepted by all district’s and federal authorities.
−	Abbatoir	+	==§2 – Freedom==
−	Rendition*	+	===§2.1===
		+	Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may leave and enter the state’s territory at any time.
−	The Lowland Clans*	+	===§2.2===
		+	Freedom of speech is guaranteed. Any kind of censorship is prohibited.
−	(*)These nations have been suspended, because the Confederacy of Latao does not co-operate with regimes classified by the UN as Dictatorships.	+	==§3 – Protection==
		+	Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may not be expelled to foreign states or authorities unless they wish so.
−	==Impressions of Life==	+	==§4 – Religion==
−	The following words are impressions from an anonymous traveler who has visited Latao last summer.	+	Neither the Confederacy of Latao nor the districts have a state religion. Law which aims to establish a state religion can not be given.
−	Have fun…	+
−	I came to this land in the south of Atlantian Oceania this summer. Latao really is an amazing country, where everyone can see something he likes. It was somehow difficult to get a visa, since Latao does not operate embassies in all countries of the region – due to financial reasons, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said.	+	==§5 - Suffrage==
		+	General suffrage is 18 years of age. The parliament may release laws that define additional details and different suffrage ages for specific subjects.
−	===Intensive Border Checks===	+
−	We’ve had some kind of a delay because of the intensive control of people and goods the Latins perform at airports. Latao engaged a half army to rigidly enforce its entry laws and rules, which sometimes is a bit scary.	+	==Article VIII – Miscellaneous Conditions==
−	I’ve seen several people – probably with invalid or faked passport documents that were arrested by border troops with automatic UZI-guns.	+
−	===They have too much Money===	+	==§1 – Governmental Regulations==
−	Once we passed these checks, a really luxury designed airport was the first we saw of this nation. A huge jumbo-sized flat screen welcomes passengers with amazing multimedia shows; patriotic marketing mixed with half-naked women that promote Latao’s pristine beaches and other places of interests.	+
−	I knew that Latao is a rich country, but this airport really impressed me. Latao spends a lot of money to cherish its image of a clean, well-styled and modern nation, especially at places with many international people. All halls look really great with this bright style of gray marble floors and glass and chrome constructions. A troop of cleaning personnel in snow-white uniforms works around the clock to keep everything clean and shiny – maybe this describes the relatively high airport taxes…	+
−	===Patriotism & Commerce===	+	===§1.1 - Concurrency===
−	Sex sells…this statement also applies for Latao. The Latins like people with less cloths, both sexes do, but this might be based in the nice warm weather they have in the south of Atlantian Oceania ;-) No one seems to mind topless females in commercials and beaches, the mixture of sex and patriotism actually seems to be the number one hit for selling all kinds of products. Buildings and motorways are clogged with commercial ads – some of them even animated on flat screens. Amazing, that this doesn’t lead to rear-end collisions on the roads all the time ;-)	+	Nobody may hold more than one position defined by this or the district’s constitution at once; including positions of foreign states or authorities.
−	Latao doesn’t have legal regulations that define opening times for business. Shops, restaurants and party clubs are either opened around the clock, or as long they have people in.	+
−	===Great Party-Life===	+	===§1.2 – Financing===
−	Since ten of the twelve months the year Latao has finest summer temperatures of 25° C and more, the open-sky party scene is the essential realm for young people from all over the world, natives and tourists. Great beach parties are held with all kind of music, especially trance-techno is widely spread in the country. Even small villages hold cool parties.	+	The parliament releases law regarding the payment of politicians and their income. The salary of politicians may not be modified during their term.
−	===People & Traditions===	+	===§1.3 – Titles of Nobility===
−	I’ve never seen a country that holds the tenet of free speech as dear as Latao. Free speech stands above everything – people make statements for which you’d get sued and end up in jail in many other countries, this sometimes leads to an aggressive style in political debating. Latao is one of the less countries I know, where it’s nothing unusual that members of the parliament make daily use of swear words to additionally express their thoughts.	+	Authorities of the Confederacy of Latao or the districts may not grant titles of nobility. If such titles are granted by foreign states or their authorities they are not acknowledged in Latao.
−	As mentioned above, patriotism and therefore the right of personal arming are the next tenets the Latins hold sacrosanct. Confederacy Flags decorate many buildings and the number of firearms in private households is one of the highest in the world; criminality is although quite low. I couldn’t research of more than three murdering cases in the past 10 years.	+
−	===Media Scene===
−	Regarding the tenet of free speech, Latao is known for its rich offer of medias, which find great attention in the entire region of Atlantian Oceania. The nationalist government however demands, that medias broadcasted from Latao must use native language of the country, but primary foreign languages are allowed as long as translations are provided. The government says this is required to prevent medias from broadcasting illegal content such as Islamic calls for terrorism.
−	The only thing the government has banned in medias is the promotion of religious content, commercial advertisements for alcohol is limited and tobacco is banned. Political contents from parties and other groups of interest and sexual content don’t seem to be regulated.
−	===Crowded Cities, hurried Drivers===	+	[[Category:Latao]]
−	Cities are usually crowded with cars, the driving style of Latins is southern – I’m not saying aggressive. Speed limits are understood as ‘recommendations’; government nor police do much to change that. Driver’s wont get speed tickets for exceedings of less than 30 km/h – the license is taken away for a month for excessive speeding and road rage in cities and living areas only. Most motorways have six lines (three per direction) including a still line – the most important highways have eight lines. A ticket in the form of a sticker for your car’s windshield is needed to use highways. The stickers costs 30 Latinums (about 60 USD) and allows driving for one year.	+
−		+
−	After all, I’ve had a great time in Latao and I enjoyed my stay there. The only thing that ‘sucked’ are the damn expensive prices they have there. I do however agree when saying, Latao is the ultimate free land, without being anarchy ;-)	+
−		+
−	[[Category:Atlantian Oceania]]	+

---

Latest revision as of 14:22, 18 September 2007

Confoederatio Latinum

</td></tr>
"We make the World go around"
Region	Global Right Alliance
Population	over 2 billion
Official Language	German, English
Capital	Luciaria
Leader	National Executive Committee
State Type	Democracy
Government	Right-winged
Currency	Latinum
National Anthem	"Latao above Everything!"
National Animal	Scooby-Doo
Internet TLD	.cl
Dial Code	007
Country Code	CL
Map	[(none)]
Stats: NSEconomy XML

"Constitution of the Confederacy of Latao"

Preamble

We the people of Latao shall create this federation to secure our freedom and to protect the individual. We shall create a peaceful society and work for prosperity and social security, while respecting law and order and the rights of other people.

This Federal Constitution declares the bill of rights for the Confederacy.

Article I – State Organization

The Confederacy of Latao is a democratic federal state. Its districts are sovereign as long their sovereignty is not limited by this federal constitution.

The Confederacy of Latao is ruled by an Executive and a bi-cameral Legislative, while the judicial branch is separated from the politics.

§1 – National Council

All power defined by this constitution is given to the National Council. The National Council consists of 300 Representatives that represent the citizens of Latao. Every district may send one Representative to the National Council per 50,000 citizens.

§1.1 – First National Council President

The First National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.

§1.2 – Second National Council President

The Second National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions. The Second National Council President becomes active when the First National Council President can not serve.

§1.3 – Third National Council President

The Third National Council President represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions. The Third National Council President becomes active when the First and the Second National Council Presidents can not serve.

§2 – Senator Council

The Senator Council consists of 45 Senators that represent the districts of Latao. Every district may send exactly three Senators to the Senator Council.

§2.1 – Senator Council President

The Senator Council President represents the Senator Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.

§2.2 – Vice Senator Council President

The Vice Senator Council President represents the Senator Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions. The Vice Senator Council President becomes active when the Senator Council President can not serve.

§3 – National Executive Committee

The National Executive Committee consists of seven Councilors that operationally lead the Confederacy of Latao. Each Councilor is the head of a department that contains ministries or other state-run offices and authorities.

The in-percentage strength of a party in the parliament defines how the seats in the National Executive Committee are distributed. In case of unclear mathematical situations, the strongest party in the parliament may receive a third seat in the National Executive Committee.

The National Executive Committee operates as a collective in which every Councilor has equal rights.

It is up to the members of the National Executive Committee to distribute the departments between themselves.

§3.1 – Federal President

The Federal President is part of the National Executive Committee. He plans and schedules the sessions of the National Executive Committee. The Federal President also has the power to give tie-breaking decisions.

§4 – Supreme Court

The Supreme Court consists of eleven judges that operate independent from the Executive and the Legislative.

§4.1 – High Judge

The High Judge represents the National Council. He has tie-breaking powers and schedules the sessions.

Article II – Governing

§1 – Legislation Power

All legislation activity starts from the National Council. If a proposal passed a poll in the National Council it is submitted to the Senator Council, which may modify it.

If a proposal is accepted by the Senator Council then the Senator Council submits it to the National Executive Committee which executes the new law.

If a proposal is being modified by the Senator Council, it must be returned to the National Council giving information on the reason(s) of that denial. The National Council must discuss the rejected proposal and the list of reasons and then hold a poll if the proposal should be revised.

A proposal maybe given to the Senator Council for confirmation up to three times; if these roundtrips do not lead to a common solution, a Unification Commission is built.

The responsible councilor of the National Executive Committee is involved in the discussion for all steps of the governing act.

§1.1 – Election of the Unification Commission

The Unification Commission consists of eleven members, elected by the parliament when needed, to solve one specific proposal.

Six of its members and the President must be Representatives and five of its members must be Senators.

The President has tie-breaking powers.

§1.2 – Process of the Unification Commission

The Unification Commission discusses the proposal and acknowledges all additional amendments and revisions.

The President schedules a final poll of the Unification Commission about the proposal. If the revised proposal passed the poll, it is submitted to the National Executive Committee, other ways the proposal is definitely failed.

§2 – Direct Democracy

The citizens may request constitutional revisions in accordance with Article V.

The citizens may also request a poll on new law or the modification or removal of existing law by collecting 50,000 valid signatures. The proposal shall become legal law if the majority of the citizens votes for it.

The parliament releases an electoral law that defines additional details regarding federal polls.

§3 – Defense

The National Executive Committee may mobilize the nation’s military at any time to secure and to ensure its interests. If a mission extends the duration of two months, the parliament must endorse it.

§4 – Sessions

§4.1 – Executive

The National Executive Committee is a permanent authority. The authority must ensure that it may serve the complete year without interruption.

The National Executive Committee may request sessions of the Legislative and Judicative at any time.

§4.2 – Legislative

The National Council and the Senator Council are militia authorities. Its members shall come together at least once in four months.

§4.3 – Judicative

The Supreme Court is a permanent authority. The authority must ensure that is may serve the complete year without interruption.

Article III – Electoral System

§1 – Terms

All directly elected positions (including the members of the judicative branch) are subject of a four year term. Begin of a term is the first day of the month January of the following year when the candidate was elected. The term ends in the last day of the month December of the last year of the term.

All indirectly elected positions (excluding the members of the National Executive Committee and the judicative branch, but including the Federal President and the High Judge) are subject of a one year term. Begin of a term is the first day in the month of January when the candidate was elected. The term ends in the last day of the month December.

§2 – Electoral Regulations

Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may vote when they are 21 years of age or older. Every voter has as many votes as there are Representatives assigned with his/her district of living and three votes for the Senator Council.

Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may be voted when they are 25 years of age or older and living in the district of election for at least 10 years.

§3 – Electoral Votes

Every citizen has as many votes for the National Council as there are seats assigned with the district where the voter lives and exactly three votes for the Senator Council seats assigned with the district where the voter lives.

§4 – Electoral Areas

Every district is a complete electoral area. Valid citizens may candidate for a seat in the parliament only in the district they live. Only candidates of the district where the voter lives may be elected.

The parliament releases an electoral law that defines additional details regarding federal elections.

§5 – Voting Process

§5.1 Legislative

Political parties create two lists of candidates for the National Council and the Senator council.

One list contains as many printed names of candidates of the party as there are Representative seats assigned with the district. The other list contains as many empty fields as there are Representative seats assigned with the district.

The third list is a blank list that is not linked with any party. This list contains as many empty fields as there are Representative seats assigned with the district.

The voter must only use and then submit one of these three lists.

If the voter submits the list with the printed names, all of these candidates receive a vote.

In case the voter wishes to vote for different candidates of the same party that may not be listed on the printed list, the voter may manually fill in the names of the candidates he wishes to vote for.

The voter may mix candidates of different parties by manually filling in the names of the candidates he/she wishes to vote for into the blank list.

If using an empty or blank list, the voter may fill in the same name(s) of candidate(s) as there are fields on the list.

The responsible electoral authorities of the district submit the sealed boxes with the envelopes of the voters to the parliament, where the boxes are opened under the eyes of the Representatives and Senators.

The seats assigned to a district are distributed to the candidates with the highest amount of votes.

§4.2 Executive

The National Executive Committee is elected indirectly by both chambers of the parliament. The election must be held from the newly elected parliament in the last day of December of the year of its election on the latest.

A candidate for a seat in the National Executive Committee is elected, if he/she receives two-thirds of the votes of the presenting parliament members.

The members of the National Executive Committee must distribute the departments between themselves and vote for a Federal President in the first ten days of their term.

§4.3 Judicative

The Supreme Court is elected indirectly by both chambers of the parliament. The election must be held from the newly elected parliament in the last day of December of the year of its election on the latest.

A candidate for a seat in the Supreme Court is elected, if he/she receives two-thirds of the votes of the presenting parliament members.

The members of the Supreme Court must vote for a High Judge in the first ten days of their term.

§5 – Renewal Elections

Complete renewal elections for all authorities are held every four years in the second Sunday of the month October.

§6 - Replacement Elections

§6.1 – National Council

If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the candidate with the next best electoral result of the same district automatically takes that seat, regardless of the party.

If a president of the National Council can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within ten days.

§6.2 – Senator Council

If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the candidate with the next best electoral result of the same district automatically takes that seat, regardless of the party.

If a president of the Senator Council can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within then days.

§6.3 – National Executive Committee

If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, the party must nominate candidates for renewal elections which must be held within the next 30 days.

If the Federal President can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within the first ten days after the National Executive Committee is complete again.

§6.4 – Supreme Court

If a seat becomes available before the next renewal elections, renewal elections must be held within the next 30 days.

If the High Judge can not complete his/her term then replacement elections must be held within ten days.

§7 – Political Parties

The parliament releases law regarding details on political parties. Parties are valid if they respect this democratic constitution.

Article IV – Constitutional Changes

§1 – Legitimating

Every revision of this constitution must pass a poll with double-majority, regardless what governing body (including the citizens) has requested the change.

Double-majority means, that the absolute number of votes and the number of districts must be supporting a proposal. The vote of a district is the majority of the voters living in that district.

§1.1 – Legislative Requests

A poll to request a revision of this constitution maybe held if two-third of the presenting members of the parliament votes for the proposal.

§1.2 – Citizen Requests

A poll to request a revision of this constitution maybe held if 100,000 valid signatures are collected of citizens supporting a proposal.

§2 – Stability

No more than five articles or paragraphs maybe changed at once. No law maybe given that limits or voids this constitution.

Article V – Rights of the Districts

§1 – Sovereignty

The districts are sovereign as long their sovereignty is not limited by this constitution.

Every district gives itself a democratic constitution that must be revision able by the citizens of that district. The parliament confirms the constitution if it is not in conflict with federal law.

§2 – Security

The districts have the right to build and to command their own police forces.

§3 – Finance & Treasury

The districts have the right to administrate their finances and create their own tax laws.

§4 – Justice

Every district may create its own local courts. Judicial trials can be brought up to the federal court or Supreme Court responsible for the trial.

Article VI – Rights of the Confederacy

§1 – Justice

The Confederacy has the right to create specialized courts under the supervision of the Supreme Court.

§2 – Defense

The Confederacy has the right to build and to command armies that operate in domestic and foreign areas.

The National Executive Committee may activate the law of war for a maximum period of seven days. Longer periods have to be confirmed by the parliament and can not exceed the duration of one year.

§3 – Security

The Confederacy has the right to build and to command federal police forces that operate in domestic and foreign areas.

§4 – Finance & Treasury

The Confederacy is responsible to the federal finance administration which includes the right of charging direct federal taxes and national customs.

No domestic taxes between the districts are allowed.

§4.1 – Financial Revision

The parliament is responsible to the financial administration of the national treasury.

§5 – Immigration & Citizenship

The Confederacy has the right to grant and to remove citizenship. Holders of the Latin passport may not own foreign citizenships concurrently.

§6 – Traffic & Communication

The Confederacy has the right to release laws regarding roads and communication ways. Censorship of Medias is prohibited.

§6.1 – Censorship of Medias in Times of War

The National Executive Committee may utilize censorship of Medias when the international situation should require prevention of provocations.

The parliament must confirm this state after a period of six months and may extend the censorship for another six months.

§7 – Foreign Relations

The Confederacy has the exclusive right of foreign relations.

Article VII – Rights of the Citizens

§1 – Justice

§1.1

No one maybe imprisoned if there is no law which defines the situation of question.

§1.2

Arrested people have the right bring their case to a court within 48 hours.

§1.3

The death penalty may not be sentenced for political reasons. The Supreme Court is the only authority to deal with death penalties.

§1.4

No one may be sentenced for the same judicial case multiple times. A trial and its sentence are accepted by all district’s and federal authorities.

§2 – Freedom

§2.1

Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may leave and enter the state’s territory at any time.

§2.2

Freedom of speech is guaranteed. Any kind of censorship is prohibited.

§3 – Protection

Citizens of the Confederacy of Latao may not be expelled to foreign states or authorities unless they wish so.

§4 – Religion

Neither the Confederacy of Latao nor the districts have a state religion. Law which aims to establish a state religion can not be given.

§5 - Suffrage

General suffrage is 18 years of age. The parliament may release laws that define additional details and different suffrage ages for specific subjects.

Article VIII – Miscellaneous Conditions

§1 – Governmental Regulations

§1.1 - Concurrency

Nobody may hold more than one position defined by this or the district’s constitution at once; including positions of foreign states or authorities.

§1.2 – Financing

The parliament releases law regarding the payment of politicians and their income. The salary of politicians may not be modified during their term.

§1.3 – Titles of Nobility

Authorities of the Confederacy of Latao or the districts may not grant titles of nobility. If such titles are granted by foreign states or their authorities they are not acknowledged in Latao.