Difference between revisions of "Laytal"

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(Rewrite of Inflexion, Grammar)
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<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr>
 
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr>
 
<tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr>
 
<tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr>
−
<tr><td valign="top">Regulated by:</td><td>Te Létal-Kotj</td></tr>
+
<tr><td valign="top">Regulated by:</td><td>Te Létal Kotj</td></tr>
 
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Language codes</font></th></tr>
 
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Language codes</font></th></tr>
 
<tr><td>[[Wikipedia:ISO 639|ISO 639]]-1:</td><td> le</td></tr>
 
<tr><td>[[Wikipedia:ISO 639|ISO 639]]-1:</td><td> le</td></tr>
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</table>
 
</table>
  
−
''Létal'' is the official [[language]] of [[Star City]]. Originally it was [[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance]] pidgin, but as the population became more diversified [[Wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Wikipedia:Japanese Language|Japanese]], and most recently, [[Wikipedia:Korean Language|Korean]] have had considerable effect on its vocabulary. As such, the language resembles a [[Wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European (Language)|PIE]]/Japanese mix. It is now considered a [[Wikipedia:Creole Language|creole]].
+
''Létal'' is the official [[language]] of [[Star City]]. Beginning as a [[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]]-[[Wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance]] pidgin, it later diversified with increasing population diversity. Among the contributing, by most influencing, are: [[Wikipedia:Japanese Language|Japanese]], [[Wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Wikipedia:Korean Language|Korean]]. Létal is now considered a [[Wikipedia:Creole Language|creole]].
  
−
The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> ''kletjtla'' -> ''letla'' -> ''létal'' - roughly ''shared language''. Before this it was known as ''Hellenic Lip'' (''LabisoGrekam'' - [[Wikipedia:SAMPA|SAMPA]] /labIsogr\ekaV/). Its associated vocabulary and (almost non-existent) grammar known as ''ArxeLétal'' -- Old Létal.
+
The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of ''ArxeLétal'' (Old Létal) "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> ''kletjtla'' -> ''letla'' -> ''létal'' - roughly ''shared language''. Before this it was known as ''Hellenic Lip'' (''LabisoGrekam'').
  
 
== The Alphabet ==
 
== The Alphabet ==
 
''Te ÉlbaVotjé''
 
''Te ÉlbaVotjé''
  
−
* A
+
Vowels are in '''bold'''
 +
 
 +
* '''A'''
 
** élba - /ae/
 
** élba - /ae/
 
** alba - /a/
 
** alba - /a/
Line 43: Line 45:
 
** taoletq - /t/
 
** taoletq - /t/
 
*** tceta - /ts/
 
*** tceta - /ts/
−
* E
+
* '''E'''
 
** ema - /@/
 
** ema - /@/
 
* Kh
 
* Kh
 
** Qok - /qx/
 
** Qok - /qx/
 
** xok - /x/
 
** xok - /x/
−
* I
+
* '''I'''
 
** ima - /i/
 
** ima - /i/
 
* Y
 
* Y
Line 59: Line 61:
 
** nnonn - /n/
 
** nnonn - /n/
 
** nonn - /N/
 
** nonn - /N/
−
* O
+
* '''O'''
 
** omikra - /Q/
 
** omikra - /Q/
 
** ómikra - /o/
 
** ómikra - /o/
Line 73: Line 75:
 
** zqomol - /Z/
 
** zqomol - /Z/
 
* Th
 
* Th
−
** tqita - /T/
+
** þita - /T/
−
** dqita - /D/
+
** ðita - /D/
 
** tjeta - /tS/
 
** tjeta - /tS/
 
* Tl
 
* Tl
Line 83: Line 85:
 
** whilatq - /H/
 
** whilatq - /H/
  
−
* The only dipthong is "ao".
+
* The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".
−
* /e/, /I/, /V/, /h/, /F/ and the [[Wikipedia:Czech (language)|Czech]] /rZ/ were originally part of a more complex alphabet but are now defunct phonemes in Létal.
+
−
 
+
  
 
=== The "h" Modifier ===
 
=== The "h" Modifier ===
 
''Te "h" Méta''
 
''Te "h" Méta''
  
−
The following can be [[Wikipedia:platalization|platalized]] by adding "h" after the initial letter: a (ai), b (bj), k (kj), j (dZj), d (dj), e (@i), x (xj), l (L), n (J), o (oi), s (sj) and t (tj).
+
By adding "h", the sound becomes [[Wikipedia:platalization|platalised]].
  
 
== Numbers ==
 
== Numbers ==
 
''Rivrenn''
 
''Rivrenn''
  
−
0 ziró, 1 koz, 2 kepl, 3 trah, 4 tetra, 5 tqinkó, 6 egce, 7 zita, 8 okt, 9 nófem, 10 desimal, 11 onzann, 12 dezann, 13 trahdesi... 16 xekcidekc... 20 kepldasi and so on.
+
0 ziró, 1 koz, 2 kepl, 3 trah, 4 tetra, 5 þinkó, 6 egce, 7 zita, 8 okt, 9 nófem, 10 desimal, 11 onzann, 12 dezann, 13 trahdesi... 16 xekcidekc... 20 kepldasi and so on.
  
−
Powers are: 1^1 dennz, 1^2 sennt, 1^3 kila, 1^6 miga, 1^12 giga, 1^18 tera.
+
The powers are: 1^1 dennz, 1^2 sennt, 1^3 kila, 1^6 miga, 1^12 giga, 1^18 tira.
  
 
Once, twice, thrice... can be expressed by taking the number and suffixing '''-pla''' to it.
 
Once, twice, thrice... can be expressed by taking the number and suffixing '''-pla''' to it.
Line 104: Line 104:
 
''Dcinnenn''
 
''Dcinnenn''
  
−
There are two alphabets (or impure [[Wikipedia:abjad|abjads]]) which may be used to write Létal words:
+
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:
−
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilek Dcinn) which is written left to right.
+
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
 
*''Alexander's Land Script'' which mixes Greek, [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Wikipedia:Georgian Alphabet|Georgian]] (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) which is written right to left.
 
*''Alexander's Land Script'' which mixes Greek, [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Wikipedia:Georgian Alphabet|Georgian]] (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) which is written right to left.
  
−
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs marked with [[Wikipedia:Furigana|Furigana]] appropriate to the alphabet in use. Through the efforts of ''The Létal House'' regulatory body, the syllables in single words are now decreasing.
+
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.
  
 
== Grammar ==
 
== Grammar ==
 
''DomSinntak''
 
''DomSinntak''
  
−
As Létal is essentially just a mature pidgin, the grammar is basic.
+
''To Be Written''
−
 
+
−
The angry policemen quickly apprehended the two suspect children.
+
−
Te drug-atj squ-YannzqTekemenn-ax fors-atf pe-nantra-wó te kepl tari-éga mi-itkomenn.
+
−
The anger.adj subj.crime.fight.pl.person quick.adv past.apprehend.verb the two felon.uncertain obj.child.pl
+
  
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
''IzemEkcMéta''
 
''IzemEkcMéta''
  
−
* I = Yó, Yutq = I am
+
* I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
−
* We = Nnami, Nnatq = We are
+
* We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
−
* You = Dqao (singular), Dqatq = You are
+
* You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
−
* You = Ti (plural), Titq = You are
+
* You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
−
* He = Nhes, Nhetqz = He is
+
* He = Nhes, Nheþz = He is
−
* She = Nhev, Nhetqf = She is
+
* She = Nhev, Nheþf = She is
−
* It = Nhu, Nhutq = It is
+
* It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
−
* They = Tqes, Tqetq = They are
+
* They = þes, þeþ = They are
−
* One = Unn, Unntq = One is
+
* One = Unn, Unnþ = One is
  
−
=== Conjugation ===
+
=== Inflexion ===
−
''ZqlaobPrigwa''
+
''Skitão''
  
−
Nouns and infinitives have no forms, though pronouns are preceeded by '''wa'''. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word, it is prefixed with '''ser-'''.
+
''In the following:''
 +
* -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
 +
* -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
 +
* (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"
  
−
Present, past and future tense are fixed with '''-rat''', '''p(e)-''' and '''s(e)-''' respectively - where bracketed letters are ommitted if the succeeding sound is a vowel. The command form is '''-dhu'''.
+
==== Article ====
 +
There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.
  
−
'''-(w)ó''' shows that the word is a verb and '''-est''' and '''-etq''' are the second and third persons. '''-(a)tj''' is used for adjectives and '''-(a)tf''' for adverbs. Furthermore, adverbs of increasing positivity or negativity are indicated by suffixing '''-i''' or the higher '''-u''' to the adverb form. Again, the bracketed letters are ommited when preceeded by a vowel other than "é".
+
* Definite (Neuter) = Te
 +
* Definite (Masculine) = Tev
 +
* Definite (Feminine) = Tef
 +
* Partitive = Ró
  
−
Plurality is marked by '''-(c)enn''' where ''c'' is the last consonant if the preceeding sound was a vowel. Possession has two forms: '''-nnó''' for a singular and '''-emó''' for a plural body. As with Greek, one can negate a word by prefixing "é-" to it (eg - '''a'''theist).
+
==== Noun ====
 +
Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by '''wa'''. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with '''Ser-'''.
  
−
'''-ax''', from the German ''macht'', means a person who does something - eg, ''tekem-ax'' is a ''fight'''er'''''. Other specific suffixes include:
+
* Plurality = -(C)enn
 +
* Negation = é-
 +
* Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax
 +
* Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
 +
* State = -(V)st
 +
* Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
  
−
*'''-é/tr''' = in/animate thing
+
===== Noun Cases =====
−
*'''-bahó''' = organic or anatomical
+
''To Be Written''
−
*'''-tn''' = process
+
 
−
*'''-ahtj''' = tool
+
==== Adjective ====
−
*'''-ke''' = place of
+
* Adjective = -(a)tj
−
*'''-éga''' = uncertainty
+
 
−
*'''-st''' = state of
+
==== Verb ====
−
*'''-tab''' = chemical element
+
* Verb form = -(C)ó
−
*'''-tlann''' = among
+
** A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
−
*'''-intr''' = between
+
* Command form = -(V)dhó
 +
* Second person = -(C)ezd
 +
* Third person = -(C)eð
 +
 
 +
===== Tenses =====
 +
* Present = r(a)-
 +
* Past = p(e)-
 +
* Future = s(e)-
 +
 
 +
==== Adverb ====
 +
* Base Adverb = -(a)tf
 +
* Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
 +
* Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu
  
 
=== Word Order ===
 
=== Word Order ===
 
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu''
 
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu''
  
−
Sentences tend to be written in the English [[Wikipedia:Subject Verb Object:SVO]] order. If one wishes to change the order, perhaps for poetry or music, the following prefixes are to be used:
+
Sentences are written in the [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order.
  
−
* "squ-" marking the subject
+
The man destroyed the blue house
−
* "we-" to indicate the topic, should it not be the subject
+
Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó
−
* "mi-" marking the object
+
The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
−
** "mu-" direct object
+
−
** "mo-" indirect object
+
  
 
== Common Phrases ==
 
== Common Phrases ==
 
''Sóval Stennzazenn''
 
''Sóval Stennzazenn''
  
−
* Létal: - Létal - /lætal/
+
* Létal: - Létal - /leIt{l/
 
* Hello: - Kahsó - /kaiso/
 
* Hello: - Kahsó - /kaiso/
−
* Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j@t dZatfi/
+
* Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j@t dZ{tfi/
 
* Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /@r@o jo/
 
* Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /@r@o jo/
−
* Thank you: - Yanko - /jaNkQ/
+
* Thank you: - Yanko - /j{NkQ/
 
* Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iZvitrQ/
 
* Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iZvitrQ/
−
* That one: Ate - /at@/
+
* That one: Ate - /{t@/
−
* How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/
+
* How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pr{gz/
 
* Yes: - Ahi - /aii/
 
* Yes: - Ahi - /aii/
 
* No: - Nhi - /Ji/
 
* No: - Nhi - /Ji/
−
* I don't understand: - Yó ékuptoh-ó - /jo ækVptQio/
+
* I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jo eIkVptQio/
−
* Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé etq gutjxraom? - /dQndæ @T gutSRawm/
+
* Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dQndeI iT gutSRaUm/
−
* Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu batqsol! - /bjenu baTsQl/
+
* Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bj@nu b{TsQl/
−
* How are you? - ¿Dqaonnó-st? - /Dawnost/
+
* How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /DaUnost/
−
* Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/
+
* Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /ts{lu/
−
* Do you speak English?: - ¿Dqao vókordó Angla-ser? - /Daw vokQrdo aNgla s@r/
+
* Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /DaU vokQrdo {Ngl{ s@r/
−
 
+
−
== Sample text in Létal ==
+
−
''EkcPolhad Wem Vr Létal''
+
−
 
+
−
Mó jinnenn etq batq-ó prijos-atf tó satcwiann-atf vr vordq tó loke.
+
−
Tqes denne whéke tó setrum-st tó zu xradóva-ó vr yóba-st.
+
−
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
+
−
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
+
−
All people are born free and equal in worth and rights.
+
−
They have reason and conscience and should act in brotherhood.
+
−
 
+
−
''(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)''
+
  
 
[[Category:Languages]]
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Revision as of 23:04, 22 March 2005

Létal
Spoken in:Star City and Dotjxraomm
Total speakers: Around 6.7 billion
Genetic
classification:

Creole
 Létal

Official status
Official language of:1 country
Regulated by:Te Létal Kotj
Language codes
ISO 639-1: le
ISO 639-2: let

Létal is the official language of Star City. Beginning as a Germanic-Romance pidgin, it later diversified with increasing population diversity. Among the contributing, by most influencing, are: Japanese, Slavic and Korean. Létal is now considered a creole.

The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of ArxeLétal (Old Létal) "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> kletjtla -> letla -> létal - roughly shared language. Before this it was known as Hellenic Lip (LabisoGrekam).

The Alphabet

Te ÉlbaVotjé

Vowels are in bold

  • A
    • élba - /ae/
    • alba - /a/
    • ãlba - /ã/
  • V
    • votjé - /v/
    • fotjé - /f/
  • B
    • béte - /b/
    • péte - /p/
  • K
    • kamao - /k/
      • kcamão - /ks/
    • gamao - /g/
      • gcamão - /gz/
  • J
    • jamu - /dZ/
  • D
    • daoletq - /d/
      • dcaoletq - /dz/
    • taoletq - /t/
      • tceta - /ts/
  • E
    • ema - /@/
  • Kh
    • Qok - /qx/
    • xok - /x/
  • I
    • ima - /i/
  • Y
    • yi - /j/
  • L
    • lamda - /l/
  • M
    • mwé - /m/
  • N
    • nnonn - /n/
    • nonn - /N/
  • O
    • omikra - /Q/
    • ómikra - /o/
    • umikra - /u/
  • R
    • ró - /r/
    • xró - /R/
  • S
    • samal - /s/
    • zamal - /z/
  • Sh
    • sqomol - /S/
    • zqomol - /Z/
  • Th
    • þita - /T/
    • ðita - /D/
    • tjeta - /tS/
  • Tl
    • tleta - /tl/
    • pleta - /pl/
  • W
    • walatq - /w/
    • whilatq - /H/
  • The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".

The "h" Modifier

Te "h" Méta

By adding "h", the sound becomes platalised.

Numbers

Rivrenn

0 ziró, 1 koz, 2 kepl, 3 trah, 4 tetra, 5 þinkó, 6 egce, 7 zita, 8 okt, 9 nófem, 10 desimal, 11 onzann, 12 dezann, 13 trahdesi... 16 xekcidekc... 20 kepldasi and so on.

The powers are: 1^1 dennz, 1^2 sennt, 1^3 kila, 1^6 miga, 1^12 giga, 1^18 tira.

Once, twice, thrice... can be expressed by taking the number and suffixing -pla to it.

Scripts

Dcinnenn

There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:

  • Grecko-Cyrillic Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
  • Alexander's Land Script which mixes Greek, Arabic and Georgian (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) which is written right to left.

Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese Hiragana whilst advanced texts, when capable, use Kanji ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.

Grammar

DomSinntak

To Be Written

Pronouns

IzemEkcMéta

  • I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
  • We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
  • You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
  • You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
  • He = Nhes, Nheþz = He is
  • She = Nhev, Nheþf = She is
  • It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
  • They = þes, þeþ = They are
  • One = Unn, Unnþ = One is

Inflexion

Skitão

In the following:

  • -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
  • -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
  • (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"

Article

There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.

  • Definite (Neuter) = Te
  • Definite (Masculine) = Tev
  • Definite (Feminine) = Tef
  • Partitive = Ró

Noun

Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by wa. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with Ser-.

  • Plurality = -(C)enn
  • Negation = é-
  • Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax
  • Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
  • State = -(V)st
  • Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
Noun Cases

To Be Written

Adjective

  • Adjective = -(a)tj

Verb

  • Verb form = -(C)ó
    • A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
  • Command form = -(V)dhó
  • Second person = -(C)ezd
  • Third person = -(C)eð
Tenses
  • Present = r(a)-
  • Past = p(e)-
  • Future = s(e)-

Adverb

  • Base Adverb = -(a)tf
  • Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
  • Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu

Word Order

Zqlaobnnó Dadcu

Sentences are written in the SOV order. 

The man destroyed the blue house
Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó
The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb

Common Phrases

Sóval Stennzazenn

  • Létal: - Létal - /leIt{l/
  • Hello: - Kahsó - /kaiso/
  • Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j@t dZ{tfi/
  • Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /@r@o jo/
  • Thank you: - Yanko - /j{NkQ/
  • Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iZvitrQ/
  • That one: Ate - /{t@/
  • How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pr{gz/
  • Yes: - Ahi - /aii/
  • No: - Nhi - /Ji/
  • I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jo eIkVptQio/
  • Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dQndeI iT gutSRaUm/
  • Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bj@nu b{TsQl/
  • How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /DaUnost/
  • Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /ts{lu/
  • Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /DaU vokQrdo {Ngl{ s@r/
Retrieved from "http://archive.nswiki.org/index.php?title=Laytal&oldid=41132"