Difference between revisions of "Laytal"
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<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300"> | <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300"> | ||
| − | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><big><font color=white>Létal</font></big></th></tr> | + | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><big><font color=white>Laytal (''Látal'' or ''Létal'')</font></big></th></tr> |
| − | <tr><td>Spoken in:</td><td>[[Star City | + | <tr><td>Spoken in:</td><td>[[Star City]] and [[Dotjxraomm]]</td></tr> |
| − | <tr><td>Total speakers:</td><td> | + | <tr><td>Total speakers:</td><td>Approximately 7 billion First Speakers</td></tr> |
<tr><td valign="top">Genetic<br/>classification:</td><td> | <tr><td valign="top">Genetic<br/>classification:</td><td> | ||
[[Wikipedia:Creole Language|Creole]]<br/> | [[Wikipedia:Creole Language|Creole]]<br/> | ||
| − | '''Létal'''<br/> | + | [[Atlantic Languages|Atlantic]]<br/> |
| + | South<br/> | ||
| + | High<br/> | ||
| + | '''Létal'''<br/> | ||
| + | Low<br/> | ||
| + | '''Látal'''<br/> | ||
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr> | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr> | ||
<tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr> | <tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr> | ||
| − | <tr><td valign="top">Regulated by:</td><td>Te | + | <tr><td valign="top">Regulated by: </td><td>Te Kotjnnó Látal (The House of Laytal)</td></tr> |
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Language codes</font></th></tr> | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Language codes</font></th></tr> | ||
<tr><td>[[Wikipedia:ISO 639|ISO 639]]-1:</td><td> le</td></tr> | <tr><td>[[Wikipedia:ISO 639|ISO 639]]-1:</td><td> le</td></tr> | ||
<tr><td>ISO 639-2:</td><td> let</td></tr> | <tr><td>ISO 639-2:</td><td> let</td></tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
| − | |||
| − | '' | + | ''Laytal'' is an [[Atlantic Languages|Atlantic]]-South [[language]] spoken in [[Star City]] and [[Dotjxraomm]]. The two native spellings ''Látal'' and ''Létal'' are often used to distinguish the two dialects used in the aforementioned locations. |
| − | + | There is political pressure in Dotjxraomm for Middle Laytal to be considered a language in light of Orthographical and Grammatical reforms in Látal. | |
| − | + | The name "Létal" is though to have arrived through a contracted corruption of the Old Létal "kletj-tlan" ("among people") -> klɛtʃtɬɑ -> lɛtɬɑ -> ''létal'' - roughly meaning ''shared language''. | |
| − | '' | + | |
| − | + | Colloquially, the language is known as Rotj-Gaju, a translation of the [[Hâgú]] phrase ''Sââ-gú'' (''Red Voice'') used by the ancient inhabitants of the islands to describe the Romans (due to their red dye). | |
| − | + | The archaic name ''Hellenic Lip'' (Old Létal: Labiso Grekam) originated from a misunderstanding when explorers believed ''Je akúptojó'' (I don't understand) to be Greek. | |
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| − | + | From the late-18th Century onwards, the South languages came into increasing contact with the [[Wikipedia:Japanese Language|Japanese]] and [[Wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages amongst many others. The vocabulary differs substantially from the solidly [[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance]] one of Old Létal. | |
| − | + | ||
| + | = Old Forms = | ||
| + | ''Arxe Ardemesénn'' | ||
| − | == | + | == Orthography, Phonology and Grammar == |
| − | '' | + | ''Tatlasiragaki, Aodiótjalab tó Domsiñtak'' |
| − | The | + | === Old Laytal === |
| + | ''Arxelétal'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Old Laytal is resident in the Atlantic group whereas the later languages are branches of this. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! colspan="6" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Vowels | ||
| + | |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" | | ||
| + | ! A !! E !! O !! U !! Form | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ä/aa [ɑ] || e [ɛ] || o [ɒ] || u [ʌ] || Base | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | a [e] || i [ɪ] || ó [o] || ú [ə] || Secondary | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ã [ã] || ë/ee [i] || õ [õ] || ö/oo [u] || Tertiary | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | The semi-organised vowel system reflects the wide influences from which the Laytal languages draw. | ||
| + | |||
| + | There were around 40 '''Consonants''' and the Latin alphabet was adapted with various [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritics]] and [[Wikipedia:Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] in an ad hoc manner. /ŋ/ was written as 'ng' as in English, but attempts at one-to-one correspondence resulted in 'n' (and /n/ became 'nn'). A similair system did not arise for [[Wikipedia:palatalization|palatalization]], where instead a 'ý' (the diacritic distinguishing it from a consonantal 'y') was suffixed to the intended letter (as ɲ being 'nn' which would have clashed). | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Mini-Swadesh List''' | ||
| + | The lý | ||
| + | I je / ye | ||
| + | you (s) vaa | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Middle Laytal === | ||
| + | ''Létal'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Middle Laytal drastically reformed the '''vowel''' setup. ɛ, ɪ and ʌ merged into ə and õ was dropped. 'a' changed to 'é', 'ë' to 'i' and 'oo' to 'u'. | ||
| + | The same Dimension table is used as in the Late-Modern language. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An attempted reform for palatalisation in 1895 resulted in a dictionary being published with initial 'y's being changed to 'h' (rather than 'ý's). As the /h/ sound still existed at the time, it was presumed a sound change had occured. Though the erroneous spellings were corrected, initial 'y's are subsequently pronounced as /h/. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The most famous piece of literature in Star City was written in Middle Laytal. It is a poem called ''Raztrati Dri Altidpoli'' (Battle of Evermore) which was published in 1885. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Changes''' | ||
| + | * Palatalising '-h', taken from Portuguese, was finally introduced in 1896. | ||
| + | * 'dq' was introduced to distinguish the 'th's (tq) used in English loanwords. | ||
| + | * Initial 'd's frequently become Voiced retroflex plosive /ɖ/ when followed by a consonant. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Mini-Swadesh List''' | ||
| + | The teh | ||
| + | I ye | ||
| + | you (s) ta | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Modern Laytal === | ||
| + | ''Látal Fragukatj'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | The language regulatory body approved the full Noun-Case system in 1931 which split the langage between the forms spoken in Dotjxraomm (Middle) and Star City (Modern) - the ''High'' and ''Low'' classifications are named after the respective geographical locations. Originally, the noun cases and spelling differences were the only differences between the two. However, Létal has interacted significantly with the Q-Celtic derived language ''Lacaidh'' which has led to greater seperation. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Mini-Swadesh List''' | ||
| + | The te (n) | ||
| + | I yó | ||
| + | you (s) ðao | ||
| + | |||
| + | = Current Language = | ||
| + | == Létal == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Late-Middle (JaLétal) has been significantly influenced by the now extinct Celtic-Atlantic language ''Lacaidh''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! colspan="6" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Vowels | ||
| + | |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" | | ||
| + | ! A !! E !! I !! O !! U !! Flavour | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | a [ɑ] || || i [ɪ] || o [ɒ] || || Greenwhich | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | é [e] || e [ə] || í [i] || ó [o] || u [u] || Arthurian | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | â [ɑɹ] || ê [ɝ] || î [ɛɹ] || ô [ɒɹ] || û [ʊɹ] || UnRamachandran | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''To be Finished'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Tenses === | ||
| + | Where 'X' is the initial consonant: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Past = Xý(í)... X<sup>h</sup> | ||
| + | * Present = Xc(í)... X<sup>s</sup> | ||
| + | * Future = Xw(í)... X<sup>w</sup> | ||
| + | |||
| + | to travel - tokcó | ||
| + | travelled = týokcó | ||
| + | travelling = tcokcó | ||
| + | will travel = twokcó | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''To be Finished'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Grammatical Prepositions === | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=1 border=1> | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th>Case | ||
| + | <th>Example | ||
| + | <th>Translation | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Locative | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Inessive | ||
| + | <td>vr kotj | ||
| + | <td>inside (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Illative | ||
| + | <td>vr a kotj | ||
| + | <td>into (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Elative | ||
| + | <td>ekc kotj | ||
| + | <td>out of (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Adessive 1 | ||
| + | <td>pan kotj | ||
| + | <td>on (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Allative | ||
| + | <td>pann a kotj | ||
| + | <td>onto (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Ablative | ||
| + | <td>of dri kotj | ||
| + | <td>off of (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Other | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Essive | ||
| + | <td>koma kotj | ||
| + | <td>as (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Comitative | ||
| + | <td>avek kotj | ||
| + | <td>with (a/the) house(s) | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <td>Abessive | ||
| + | <td>évek kotj | ||
| + | <td>without (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Terminative | ||
| + | <td>a kotj | ||
| + | <td>up to (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Instructive | ||
| + | <td>ud vãodahtj | ||
| + | <td>by telephone | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Prolative | ||
| + | <td>dhabatc kotj | ||
| + | <td>through (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Excessive | ||
| + | <td>ekc kotj a drev | ||
| + | <td>from house to home | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Distributive | ||
| + | <td>afé kotj | ||
| + | <td>per house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Causal | ||
| + | <td>aya kotj | ||
| + | <td>for (a/the) house(s) | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Causal-emotive | ||
| + | <td>vata drug | ||
| + | <td>because of anger | ||
| + | </table> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Látal == | ||
| + | Late-Modern (Látal JaFragukatj) has largely concerned itself with the elimination of orthographical anomolies. | ||
| + | |||
| + | /ɛ/ has re-emerged in the past half-century as a variant of /ə/. Thus, 'e' is now /ɛ/ and the former value of /ə/ is now 'é'. This forced ''The House'' to introduce 'á' for the displaced 'é' (/e/). /õ/ has also reappeared recently with no commotion along with the new 'vq' (see Phonology below). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Due to the semi-frequent tendency for multiple 'n's to appear together (which had previously led to the plural genetive becoming 'mó'), ''The House'' replaced the Latin transcription 'nn' with the Spanish 'ñ' (except for grammatical affixes) - largely because 'ñ' indicated two n's in the Latin rootword (eg: annum > año) | ||
| + | |||
| + | After studies showed literacy would improve with all-noun capitalisation, Te Kotjnnó Látal agreed and promptly implemented it. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Phonology == | ||
| + | ''Aodiótjalab'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! colspan="6" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Vowels | ||
| + | |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" | | ||
| + | ! A !! E !! I !! O !! U !! Dimension | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | a [ɑ] || e [ɛ] || || o [ɒ] || || First | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | á [e] || é [ə] || i [i] || ó [o] || u [u] || Second | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ã [ã] || || || õ [õ] || || Third | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! colspan="12" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | The Alphabet | ||
| + | |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" | | ||
| + | ! A !! V !! B !! K !! G !! D !! T !! Ch !! J !! E !! Kh !! I | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | alba [ɑ] || votjá [v] || páte [p] || kamao [k] || gamao [g] || daoleþ [d] || taoleþ [t] || tjeta [tʃ] || jamu [dʒ] || ema [ɛ] || xok [x] || ima [i] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | álba [e] || fotjá [f] || báte [b] || kcamão [ks] || gcamão [gz] || dcaoleþ [dz] || tsaoleþ [ts] || || || éma [ə] || kqok [qx] || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ãlba [ã] || vqotjá ¹ || || || || || || || || || || | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! colspan="12" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | The Alphabet (Continued) | ||
| + | |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" | | ||
| + | ! Y !! L !! M !! N !! O !! R !! S !! Sh !! Th !! Tl !! U !! W | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | yi [j] || lamba [l] || mwá [m] || ñoñ [n] || omikra [ɒ] || ró [r] || samal [s] || sqomol [ʃ] || þita [θ] || tláta [tɬ] || umikra [u] || walaþ [w] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | || || || noñ [ŋ] || ómikra [o] || xró [ʁ] || zamal [z] || zqomol [ʒ] || ðita [ð] || pleta [pɬ] || || whilaþ [ʍ] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | || || || || õmikra [õ] || || || || || || || | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ¹ Voiced Labiodental Fricative articulated with the upper lips and the lower teeth. | ||
| + | * First row letters indicate the base form in the native alphabetic script. | ||
| + | * The only diphthongs are "ao" [ɑʊ] and "ão" [ãʊ]. | ||
| + | * Suffixing "h" to the desired phoneme palatalises. | ||
== Numbers == | == Numbers == | ||
| − | '' | + | ''Rivrénn'' |
| + | {| | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | width="33%"| | ||
| + | * 0 ziró | ||
| + | * 1 koz | ||
| + | * 2 kepl | ||
| + | * 3 trah | ||
| + | * 4 tetra | ||
| + | * 5 þinkó | ||
| + | * 6 égcé | ||
| + | * 7 zita | ||
| + | * 8 okt | ||
| + | * 9 nófem | ||
| + | * 10 desimal | ||
| + | * 11 onzañ | ||
| + | | width="33%"| | ||
| + | * 12 dézañ | ||
| + | * 13 trahdesi... | ||
| + | * 16 xekcidekc... | ||
| + | * 20 kepsa | ||
| + | * 21 kepasakoz... | ||
| + | * 30 trasi | ||
| + | * 40 tetrasi | ||
| + | * 50 þigasi | ||
| + | * 60 étjasi | ||
| + | * 70 zikasi | ||
| + | * 80 ojasi | ||
| + | * 90 nóvasi | ||
| + | |} | ||
| − | 0 | + | No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through [[Wikipedia:SI|SI]] based orders of magnitude. |
| − | + | {| | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | width="33%"| | ||
| + | * Yota 10<sup>24</sup> | ||
| + | * Hepa 10<sup>21</sup> | ||
| + | * Jika 10<sup>18</sup> | ||
| + | * Pémti 10<sup>15</sup> | ||
| + | * Tira 10<sup>12</sup> | ||
| + | * Giga 10<sup>09</sup> | ||
| + | * Miga 10<sup>06</sup> | ||
| + | * Xila 10<sup>03</sup> | ||
| + | * Ektom 10<sup>02</sup> | ||
| + | | width="33%"| | ||
| + | * Sañti 10<sup>-02</sup> | ||
| + | * Milá 10<sup>-03</sup> | ||
| + | * Mikró 10<sup>-06</sup> | ||
| + | * Dvar 10<sup>-09</sup> | ||
| + | * Pitjé 10<sup>-12</sup> | ||
| + | * Femta 10<sup>-15</sup> | ||
| + | * Atta 10<sup>-18</sup> | ||
| + | * Zéfda 10<sup>-21</sup> | ||
| + | * Oxdi 10<sup>-24</sup> | ||
| + | |} | ||
| − | + | For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom. | |
| − | + | * Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | == Orthography == | |
| − | + | ''Tatlasiragaki'' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | === Scripts === | |
| + | ''To Be Finished'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Capitalisation === | ||
| + | All nouns are capitalised. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Punctuation === | ||
| + | Punctuation follows the Spanish model. Most notable are the inverted question and exclamation marks which precede exclamatory and interrogative sentences: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Help! What? | ||
| + | ¡Yão! ¿Ká? | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
| − | '' | + | ''DomSiñtak'' |
| − | + | Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|Indo-European languages]], the Noun cases in particular derive from the [[Wikipedia:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric languages]]. | |
| − | + | The order in which affixes are applied is the order in which those affixes appear below, though the first affix may be out of order if it is applied for emphasis. The affix order also excludes plural agents, ''ax.énn'', and any plurals, where ''-énn'' is always final. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
| − | + | ==== Personal Pronouns and Conjugations ==== | |
| + | * I = Yó, Yuþ = I am | ||
| + | * We = Ñami, Ñaþ = We are | ||
| + | * You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are | ||
| + | * You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are | ||
| + | * He = Nhés, Nhéþz = He is | ||
| + | * She = Nhév, Nhéþf = She is | ||
| + | * It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is | ||
| + | * They = þés, þéþ = They are | ||
| + | * One = Uñ, Uñþ = One is | ||
| − | + | ==== Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns ==== | |
| − | + | ''To Be Written'' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | === | + | === Inflexion === |
| − | '' | + | ''Skitão'' |
| − | + | ''In the following:'' | |
| + | * -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel | ||
| + | * -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant | ||
| + | * (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é" | ||
| − | + | ==== Article ==== | |
| + | There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles. | ||
| − | + | * Definite (Neuter) = Te | |
| + | * Definite (Masculine) = Tev | ||
| + | * Definite (Feminine) = Tef | ||
| + | * Partitive = Ró | ||
| − | + | ==== Noun ==== | |
| + | Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by '''wa'''. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with '''Ser-'''. | ||
| − | + | * Plurality = -(C)énn | |
| + | * Negation = á- | ||
| + | * Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax (Masc), -(C)av (Fem), -(C)aj (Neut) | ||
| + | * Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj | ||
| + | * State = -(V)st | ||
| + | * Result of a Verb = -(C)ão | ||
| − | + | ===== Noun Cases ===== | |
| − | * | + | <table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=1 border=1> |
| − | * | + | <tr> |
| − | * | + | <th>Case |
| − | * | + | <th>Affix |
| − | * | + | <th>Example |
| − | * | + | <th>Translation |
| − | * | + | <tr> |
| − | * | + | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Grammatical |
| − | * | + | <tr> |
| + | <td>Nominative | ||
| + | <td>- | ||
| + | <td>kotj | ||
| + | <td>house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Genitive | ||
| + | <td>-nnó (s)/-mó (pl) | ||
| + | <td>kotjnnó | ||
| + | <td>of (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Dative | ||
| + | <td>-inn | ||
| + | <td>kotjinn | ||
| + | <td>house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Accusative | ||
| + | <td>-m | ||
| + | <td>kotjom | ||
| + | <td>house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Locative | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Inessive | ||
| + | <td>itra- | ||
| + | <td>prakotj | ||
| + | <td>inside (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Illative | ||
| + | <td>-éza | ||
| + | <td>ezakotj | ||
| + | <td>into (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Elative | ||
| + | <td>ekc- | ||
| + | <td>ekcekotj | ||
| + | <td>out of (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Adessive 1 | ||
| + | <td>nha- | ||
| + | <td>nhakotj | ||
| + | <td>on (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Adessive 2 | ||
| + | <td>nhe- | ||
| + | <td>nhekotj | ||
| + | <td>alongside (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Adessive 3 | ||
| + | <td>nho- | ||
| + | <td>nhokotj | ||
| + | <td>near (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Allative | ||
| + | <td>li- | ||
| + | <td>likotj | ||
| + | <td>onto (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Ablative | ||
| + | <td>lo- | ||
| + | <td>lokotj | ||
| + | <td>off of (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Other | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Essive | ||
| + | <td>sim- | ||
| + | <td>simkotj | ||
| + | <td>as (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Comitative | ||
| + | <td>vek- | ||
| + | <td>vekotj | ||
| + | <td>with (a/the) house(s) | ||
| + | </tr> | ||
| + | <td>Abessive | ||
| + | <td>is- | ||
| + | <td>iskotj | ||
| + | <td>without (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Terminative | ||
| + | <td>noh- | ||
| + | <td>nohkotj | ||
| + | <td>up to (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Instructive | ||
| + | <td>vah- | ||
| + | <td>vahzvãodahtj | ||
| + | <td>by telephone | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Prolative | ||
| + | <td>tca- | ||
| + | <td>tcakotj | ||
| + | <td>through (a/the) house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Excessive | ||
| + | <td>-nnt | ||
| + | <td>kotjonnt nohdrev | ||
| + | <td>from house to home | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Distributive | ||
| + | <td>-plann | ||
| + | <td>kotjplann | ||
| + | <td>per house | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Distributive-temporal | ||
| + | <td>-plat | ||
| + | <td>solplat | ||
| + | <td>per day | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Causal | ||
| + | <td>zig- | ||
| + | <td>zigikotj | ||
| + | <td>for (a/the) house(s) | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Causal-emotive | ||
| + | <td>zik- | ||
| + | <td>zikdrug | ||
| + | <td>because of anger | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Benefactive | ||
| + | <td>pok- | ||
| + | <td>pokjinnenn | ||
| + | <td>for the benefit of mankind | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | <td>Translative | ||
| + | <td>-vqi | ||
| + | <td>ditlofafénnvqi... | ||
| + | <td>considering the factors... | ||
| + | <tr> | ||
| + | </table> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Adjective ==== | ||
| + | * Base Adjective = -(a)tj | ||
| + | * Comparative Adjective = -(a)tji | ||
| + | * Superlative Adjective = -(a)tju | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''To Be Finished'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Verb ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Verb form = -(C)ó | ||
| + | ** A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Person ===== | ||
| + | The first through third are used when pronouns are dropped. The fifth person may be used to elaborate when describing the weather. | ||
| + | * First person = -(C)éxþ | ||
| + | * Second person = -(C)ezd | ||
| + | * Third person = -(C)éð | ||
| + | * Fourth person = -(C)u | ||
| + | * Fifth person = -(C)etc | ||
| + | |||
| + | When one flies... | ||
| + | Kum tubuóu... | ||
| + | Kum tubu-ó-u... | ||
| + | When fly.verb.4thp | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Aspect ===== | ||
| + | * Capacity (can) = d(i)- | ||
| + | * Permissive (may) = pl(e)- | ||
| + | * Willingness (will) = dh(a)- | ||
| + | * Futurity (shall) = zl(i)- | ||
| + | * Habitual (every day) = -(V)sk | ||
| + | |||
| + | You can run... | ||
| + | ðao dilopépó... | ||
| + | ðao di-lopé-pó... | ||
| + | You.si can.run.verb | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Tenses ===== | ||
| + | * Present = r(a)- | ||
| + | * Past = p(e)- | ||
| + | * Future = s(e)- | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Moods ===== | ||
| + | * Imperative (command) = -(V)dhó | ||
| + | * Conditional (would) = -(C)vi | ||
| + | * Hypothetical (could) = -(V)jil | ||
| + | |||
| + | If I could fly... | ||
| + | Maz yó mosójil... | ||
| + | Maz yó mos-ó-jil... | ||
| + | If I fly.verb.hypo | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Evidentiality ===== | ||
| + | * Sensory | ||
| + | ** Direct experience = ''unmarked'' | ||
| + | ** Sensory observation = -ãra | ||
| + | * Quotative | ||
| + | ** Inference = -ága | ||
| + | ** Hearsay = -ron | ||
| + | |||
| + | John supposedly eats penguins | ||
| + | Joñ mañsquénném redóron | ||
| + | Joñ mañsqu-énn-ém red-ó-ron | ||
| + | Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Adverb ==== | ||
| + | * Base Adverb = -(a)tf | ||
| + | * Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi | ||
| + | * Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu | ||
=== Word Order === | === Word Order === | ||
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu'' | ''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu'' | ||
| − | + | All sentences, including questions, are written in the [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order with adjectives following the noun. | |
| + | |||
| + | The man destroyed the blue house | ||
| + | Tev añdros kotj kuraþaotj pepasñdáló | ||
| + | Te-v añdros kotj kuraþao-tj pe-pasñdál-ó | ||
| + | The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb | ||
| + | |||
| + | As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to [[Wikipedia:Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] order. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Tomorrow, I will be the first person to travel to Paris by aeroplane for the benefit of my health. | ||
| + | Tef jinn kozplatj sohvasol vahluxtbaluinn yónnó pokÑázqesem setõkcóexþ nohParis | ||
| + | Te-f jinn koz-pla-tj sohva-sol vah-luxtbalu-inn yónnó pok-Ñázqes-em se-tõkc-ó-exþ noh-Paris | ||
| + | The.fem person one.ord.adj next.day instruc.aeroplane.indirobj I.genetive benefac.health.dirobj | ||
| + | fut.travel.verb.1p termin.Paris | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== Common Phrases == | == Common Phrases == | ||
| − | '' | + | ''Steñzazénn Sóvalatj'' |
| − | * | + | * Laytal: - Látal - |
| − | * Hello: - Kahsó - | + | * Hello: - Kahsó - |
| − | * Goodbye: - | + | * Goodbye: - Yét jatfi - |
| − | * Please: - | + | * Please: - ¿Éreó yó? - |
| − | * Thank you: - Yanko - | + | * Thank you: - Yanko - |
| − | * Sorry: - Izqvitro - | + | * Sorry: - Izqvitro - |
| − | * That one: Ate - | + | * That one: Ate - |
* How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/ | * How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/ | ||
| − | * Yes: - Ahi - | + | * Yes: - Ahi - |
| − | * No: - Nhi - | + | * No: - Nhi - |
| − | * I don't understand: - Yó | + | * I don't understand: - Yó ákuptohó - |
| − | * Where's the bathroom?: - | + | * Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Doñdá iþ gutjxraom? - |
| − | * Happy birthday - | + | * Happy birthday - ¡Bheñu baþsol! - |
| − | * How are you? - | + | * How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - |
* Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/ | * Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/ | ||
| − | * Do you speak English?: - | + | * Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - |
| + | |||
| + | == Idioms == | ||
| + | When I hear the word "choice", I reach for my crossbow | ||
| + | Kum kikuóéxþ te zqlãob "alips", liatarióéxþ yónnó yagisaja-ahtj | ||
| + | kum kikuoəxθ tɛ ʒlãʊb ɑlips liɑtɑrioəxθ jono | ||
| + | jɒgisɑdʒɑ ɑɪtʃ | ||
| + | |||
| + | You have the arch (You have [power, knowledge, etc]) | ||
| + | ðao/Ti déñé te brisk | ||
| + | ðɑʊ/ti dənə tɛ brisk | ||
| − | + | You are a kalashnikov (You speak powerfully) | |
| − | + | ðao iþ wa Kalasqñikova | |
| + | ðɑʊ iθ wɑ kɑlɑʃnikɒvɑ | ||
| − | + | == Swadesh List == | |
| − | + | ''To Be Written'' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | '' | + | == External Links == |
| + | ''To Be Written'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:59, 23 April 2005
| Laytal (Látal or Létal) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Star City and Dotjxraomm |
| Total speakers: | Approximately 7 billion First Speakers |
| Genetic classification: | |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | 1 country |
| Regulated by: | Te Kotjnnó Látal (The House of Laytal) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1: | le |
| ISO 639-2: | let |
Laytal is an Atlantic-South language spoken in Star City and Dotjxraomm. The two native spellings Látal and Létal are often used to distinguish the two dialects used in the aforementioned locations.
There is political pressure in Dotjxraomm for Middle Laytal to be considered a language in light of Orthographical and Grammatical reforms in Látal.
The name "Létal" is though to have arrived through a contracted corruption of the Old Létal "kletj-tlan" ("among people") -> klɛtʃtɬɑ -> lɛtɬɑ -> létal - roughly meaning shared language.
Colloquially, the language is known as Rotj-Gaju, a translation of the Hâgú phrase Sââ-gú (Red Voice) used by the ancient inhabitants of the islands to describe the Romans (due to their red dye). The archaic name Hellenic Lip (Old Létal: Labiso Grekam) originated from a misunderstanding when explorers believed Je akúptojó (I don't understand) to be Greek.
From the late-18th Century onwards, the South languages came into increasing contact with the Japanese and Slavic languages amongst many others. The vocabulary differs substantially from the solidly Germanic and Romance one of Old Létal.
Contents
Old Forms
Arxe Ardemesénn
Orthography, Phonology and Grammar
Tatlasiragaki, Aodiótjalab tó Domsiñtak
Old Laytal
Arxelétal
Old Laytal is resident in the Atlantic group whereas the later languages are branches of this.
| Vowels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | E | O | U | Form | |
| ä/aa [ɑ] | e [ɛ] | o [ɒ] | u [ʌ] | Base | |
| a [e] | i [ɪ] | ó [o] | ú [ə] | Secondary | |
| ã [ã] | ë/ee [i] | õ [õ] | ö/oo [u] | Tertiary | |
The semi-organised vowel system reflects the wide influences from which the Laytal languages draw.
There were around 40 Consonants and the Latin alphabet was adapted with various diacritics and digraphs in an ad hoc manner. /ŋ/ was written as 'ng' as in English, but attempts at one-to-one correspondence resulted in 'n' (and /n/ became 'nn'). A similair system did not arise for palatalization, where instead a 'ý' (the diacritic distinguishing it from a consonantal 'y') was suffixed to the intended letter (as ɲ being 'nn' which would have clashed).
Mini-Swadesh List
The lý I je / ye you (s) vaa
Middle Laytal
Létal
Middle Laytal drastically reformed the vowel setup. ɛ, ɪ and ʌ merged into ə and õ was dropped. 'a' changed to 'é', 'ë' to 'i' and 'oo' to 'u'. The same Dimension table is used as in the Late-Modern language.
An attempted reform for palatalisation in 1895 resulted in a dictionary being published with initial 'y's being changed to 'h' (rather than 'ý's). As the /h/ sound still existed at the time, it was presumed a sound change had occured. Though the erroneous spellings were corrected, initial 'y's are subsequently pronounced as /h/.
The most famous piece of literature in Star City was written in Middle Laytal. It is a poem called Raztrati Dri Altidpoli (Battle of Evermore) which was published in 1885.
Changes
- Palatalising '-h', taken from Portuguese, was finally introduced in 1896.
- 'dq' was introduced to distinguish the 'th's (tq) used in English loanwords.
- Initial 'd's frequently become Voiced retroflex plosive /ɖ/ when followed by a consonant.
Mini-Swadesh List
The teh I ye you (s) ta
Modern Laytal
Látal Fragukatj
The language regulatory body approved the full Noun-Case system in 1931 which split the langage between the forms spoken in Dotjxraomm (Middle) and Star City (Modern) - the High and Low classifications are named after the respective geographical locations. Originally, the noun cases and spelling differences were the only differences between the two. However, Létal has interacted significantly with the Q-Celtic derived language Lacaidh which has led to greater seperation.
Mini-Swadesh List
The te (n) I yó you (s) ðao
Current Language
Létal
Late-Middle (JaLétal) has been significantly influenced by the now extinct Celtic-Atlantic language Lacaidh.
| Vowels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | E | I | O | U | Flavour |
| a [ɑ] | i [ɪ] | o [ɒ] | Greenwhich | ||
| é [e] | e [ə] | í [i] | ó [o] | u [u] | Arthurian |
| â [ɑɹ] | ê [ɝ] | î [ɛɹ] | ô [ɒɹ] | û [ʊɹ] | UnRamachandran |
To be Finished
Tenses
Where 'X' is the initial consonant:
- Past = Xý(í)... Xh
- Present = Xc(í)... Xs
- Future = Xw(í)... Xw
to travel - tokcó travelled = týokcó travelling = tcokcó will travel = twokcó
To be Finished
Grammatical Prepositions
| Case | Example | Translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Locative | ||||
| Inessive | vr kotj | inside (a/the) house | ||
| Illative | vr a kotj | into (a/the) house | ||
| Elative | ekc kotj | out of (a/the) house | ||
| Adessive 1 | pan kotj | on (a/the) house | ||
| Allative | pann a kotj | onto (a/the) house | ||
| Ablative | of dri kotj | off of (a/the) house | ||
| Other | ||||
| Essive | koma kotj | as (a/the) house | ||
| Comitative | avek kotj | with (a/the) house(s) | Abessive | évek kotj | without (a/the) house |
| Terminative | a kotj | up to (a/the) house | ||
| Instructive | ud vãodahtj | by telephone | ||
| Prolative | dhabatc kotj | through (a/the) house | ||
| Excessive | ekc kotj a drev | from house to home | ||
| Distributive | afé kotj | per house | ||
| Causal | aya kotj | for (a/the) house(s) | ||
| Causal-emotive | vata drug | because of anger | ||
Látal
Late-Modern (Látal JaFragukatj) has largely concerned itself with the elimination of orthographical anomolies.
/ɛ/ has re-emerged in the past half-century as a variant of /ə/. Thus, 'e' is now /ɛ/ and the former value of /ə/ is now 'é'. This forced The House to introduce 'á' for the displaced 'é' (/e/). /õ/ has also reappeared recently with no commotion along with the new 'vq' (see Phonology below).
Due to the semi-frequent tendency for multiple 'n's to appear together (which had previously led to the plural genetive becoming 'mó'), The House replaced the Latin transcription 'nn' with the Spanish 'ñ' (except for grammatical affixes) - largely because 'ñ' indicated two n's in the Latin rootword (eg: annum > año)
After studies showed literacy would improve with all-noun capitalisation, Te Kotjnnó Látal agreed and promptly implemented it.
Phonology
Aodiótjalab
| Vowels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | E | I | O | U | Dimension |
| a [ɑ] | e [ɛ] | o [ɒ] | First | ||
| á [e] | é [ə] | i [i] | ó [o] | u [u] | Second |
| ã [ã] | õ [õ] | Third | |||
| The Alphabet | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | V | B | K | G | D | T | Ch | J | E | Kh | I |
| alba [ɑ] | votjá [v] | páte [p] | kamao [k] | gamao [g] | daoleþ [d] | taoleþ [t] | tjeta [tʃ] | jamu [dʒ] | ema [ɛ] | xok [x] | ima [i] |
| álba [e] | fotjá [f] | báte [b] | kcamão [ks] | gcamão [gz] | dcaoleþ [dz] | tsaoleþ [ts] | éma [ə] | kqok [qx] | |||
| ãlba [ã] | vqotjá ¹ | ||||||||||
| The Alphabet (Continued) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y | L | M | N | O | R | S | Sh | Th | Tl | U | W |
| yi [j] | lamba [l] | mwá [m] | ñoñ [n] | omikra [ɒ] | ró [r] | samal [s] | sqomol [ʃ] | þita [θ] | tláta [tɬ] | umikra [u] | walaþ [w] |
| noñ [ŋ] | ómikra [o] | xró [ʁ] | zamal [z] | zqomol [ʒ] | ðita [ð] | pleta [pɬ] | whilaþ [ʍ] | ||||
| õmikra [õ] | |||||||||||
¹ Voiced Labiodental Fricative articulated with the upper lips and the lower teeth.
- First row letters indicate the base form in the native alphabetic script.
- The only diphthongs are "ao" [ɑʊ] and "ão" [ãʊ].
- Suffixing "h" to the desired phoneme palatalises.
Numbers
Rivrénn
|
|
No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through SI based orders of magnitude.
|
|
For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom.
- Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number.
Orthography
Tatlasiragaki
Scripts
To Be Finished
Capitalisation
All nouns are capitalised.
Punctuation
Punctuation follows the Spanish model. Most notable are the inverted question and exclamation marks which precede exclamatory and interrogative sentences:
Help! What? ¡Yão! ¿Ká?
Grammar
DomSiñtak
Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from Indo-European languages, the Noun cases in particular derive from the Finno-Ugric languages.
The order in which affixes are applied is the order in which those affixes appear below, though the first affix may be out of order if it is applied for emphasis. The affix order also excludes plural agents, ax.énn, and any plurals, where -énn is always final.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns and Conjugations
- I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
- We = Ñami, Ñaþ = We are
- You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
- You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
- He = Nhés, Nhéþz = He is
- She = Nhév, Nhéþf = She is
- It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
- They = þés, þéþ = They are
- One = Uñ, Uñþ = One is
Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns
To Be Written
Inflexion
Skitão
In the following:
- -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
- -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
- (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"
Article
There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.
- Definite (Neuter) = Te
- Definite (Masculine) = Tev
- Definite (Feminine) = Tef
- Partitive = Ró
Noun
Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by wa. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with Ser-.
- Plurality = -(C)énn
- Negation = á-
- Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax (Masc), -(C)av (Fem), -(C)aj (Neut)
- Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
- State = -(V)st
- Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
Noun Cases
| Case | Affix | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grammatical | ||||
| Nominative | - | kotj | house | |
| Genitive | -nnó (s)/-mó (pl) | kotjnnó | of (a/the) house | |
| Dative | -inn | kotjinn | house | |
| Accusative | -m | kotjom | house | |
| Locative | ||||
| Inessive | itra- | prakotj | inside (a/the) house | |
| Illative | -éza | ezakotj | into (a/the) house | |
| Elative | ekc- | ekcekotj | out of (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 1 | nha- | nhakotj | on (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 2 | nhe- | nhekotj | alongside (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 3 | nho- | nhokotj | near (a/the) house | |
| Allative | li- | likotj | onto (a/the) house | |
| Ablative | lo- | lokotj | off of (a/the) house | |
| Other | ||||
| Essive | sim- | simkotj | as (a/the) house | |
| Comitative | vek- | vekotj | with (a/the) house(s) | Abessive | is- | iskotj | without (a/the) house |
| Terminative | noh- | nohkotj | up to (a/the) house | |
| Instructive | vah- | vahzvãodahtj | by telephone | |
| Prolative | tca- | tcakotj | through (a/the) house | |
| Excessive | -nnt | kotjonnt nohdrev | from house to home | |
| Distributive | -plann | kotjplann | per house | |
| Distributive-temporal | -plat | solplat | per day | |
| Causal | zig- | zigikotj | for (a/the) house(s) | |
| Causal-emotive | zik- | zikdrug | because of anger | |
| Benefactive | pok- | pokjinnenn | for the benefit of mankind | |
| Translative | -vqi | ditlofafénnvqi... | considering the factors... | |
Adjective
- Base Adjective = -(a)tj
- Comparative Adjective = -(a)tji
- Superlative Adjective = -(a)tju
To Be Finished
Verb
- Verb form = -(C)ó
- A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
Person
The first through third are used when pronouns are dropped. The fifth person may be used to elaborate when describing the weather.
- First person = -(C)éxþ
- Second person = -(C)ezd
- Third person = -(C)éð
- Fourth person = -(C)u
- Fifth person = -(C)etc
When one flies... Kum tubuóu... Kum tubu-ó-u... When fly.verb.4thp
Aspect
- Capacity (can) = d(i)-
- Permissive (may) = pl(e)-
- Willingness (will) = dh(a)-
- Futurity (shall) = zl(i)-
- Habitual (every day) = -(V)sk
You can run... ðao dilopépó... ðao di-lopé-pó... You.si can.run.verb
Tenses
- Present = r(a)-
- Past = p(e)-
- Future = s(e)-
Moods
- Imperative (command) = -(V)dhó
- Conditional (would) = -(C)vi
- Hypothetical (could) = -(V)jil
If I could fly... Maz yó mosójil... Maz yó mos-ó-jil... If I fly.verb.hypo
Evidentiality
- Sensory
- Direct experience = unmarked
- Sensory observation = -ãra
- Quotative
- Inference = -ága
- Hearsay = -ron
John supposedly eats penguins Joñ mañsquénném redóron Joñ mañsqu-énn-ém red-ó-ron Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour
Adverb
- Base Adverb = -(a)tf
- Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
- Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu
Word Order
Zqlaobnnó Dadcu
All sentences, including questions, are written in the SOV order with adjectives following the noun.
The man destroyed the blue house Tev añdros kotj kuraþaotj pepasñdáló Te-v añdros kotj kuraþao-tj pe-pasñdál-ó The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to Time-Manner-Place order.
Tomorrow, I will be the first person to travel to Paris by aeroplane for the benefit of my health. Tef jinn kozplatj sohvasol vahluxtbaluinn yónnó pokÑázqesem setõkcóexþ nohParis Te-f jinn koz-pla-tj sohva-sol vah-luxtbalu-inn yónnó pok-Ñázqes-em se-tõkc-ó-exþ noh-Paris The.fem person one.ord.adj next.day instruc.aeroplane.indirobj I.genetive benefac.health.dirobj fut.travel.verb.1p termin.Paris
Common Phrases
Steñzazénn Sóvalatj
- Laytal: - Látal -
- Hello: - Kahsó -
- Goodbye: - Yét jatfi -
- Please: - ¿Éreó yó? -
- Thank you: - Yanko -
- Sorry: - Izqvitro -
- That one: Ate -
- How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/
- Yes: - Ahi -
- No: - Nhi -
- I don't understand: - Yó ákuptohó -
- Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Doñdá iþ gutjxraom? -
- Happy birthday - ¡Bheñu baþsol! -
- How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? -
- Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/
- Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? -
Idioms
When I hear the word "choice", I reach for my crossbow Kum kikuóéxþ te zqlãob "alips", liatarióéxþ yónnó yagisaja-ahtj kum kikuoəxθ tɛ ʒlãʊb ɑlips liɑtɑrioəxθ jono jɒgisɑdʒɑ ɑɪtʃ
You have the arch (You have [power, knowledge, etc]) ðao/Ti déñé te brisk ðɑʊ/ti dənə tɛ brisk
You are a kalashnikov (You speak powerfully) ðao iþ wa Kalasqñikova ðɑʊ iθ wɑ kɑlɑʃnikɒvɑ
Swadesh List
To Be Written
External Links
To Be Written
