Difference between revisions of "Laytal"

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(Rewrite of Inflexion, Grammar)
(alphabet, numbers, grammar, cases...)
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== The Alphabet ==
 
== The Alphabet ==
 
''Te ÉlbaVotjé''
 
''Te ÉlbaVotjé''
 +
----
 +
<table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=0 border=1>
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>A
 +
    <th>V
 +
    <th>B
 +
    <th>K
 +
    <th>J
 +
    <th>D
 +
    <th>E
 +
    <th>Kh
 +
    <th>I
 +
    <th>Y
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>élba - /ae/
 +
    <th>votjé - /v/
 +
    <th>péte - /b/
 +
    <th>kamao - /k/
 +
    <th>jamu - /dZ/
 +
    <th>daoleþ - /d/
 +
    <th>ema - /@/
 +
    <th>Qok - /qx/
 +
    <th>ima - /i/
 +
    <th>yi - /j/
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>alba - /a/
 +
    <th>fotjé - /f/
 +
    <th>béte - /b/
 +
    <th>kcamão - /ks/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>dcaoleþ - /dz/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>xok - /x/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>ãlba - /ã/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>gamao - /g/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>taoleþ - /t/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>gcamão - /gz/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>tcaoleþ - /ts/
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
    <th>-
 +
</table>
  
Vowels are in '''bold'''
 
  
* '''A'''
+
<table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=0 border=1>
** élba - /ae/
+
  <tr>
** alba - /a/
+
    <th>L
** ãlba - /ã/
+
    <th>M
* V
+
    <th>N
** votjé - /v/
+
    <th>O
** fotjé - /f/
+
    <th>R
* B
+
    <th>S
** béte - /b/
+
    <th>Sh
** péte - /p/
+
    <th>Th
* K
+
    <th>Tl
** kamao - /k/
+
    <th>W
*** kcamão - /ks/
+
  <tr>
** gamao - /g/
+
    <th>lamda - /l/
*** gcamão - /gz/
+
    <th>mwé - /m/
* J
+
    <th>nnonn - /n/
** jamu - /dZ/
+
    <th>omikra - /Q/
* D
+
    <th>ró - /r/
** daoletq - /d/
+
    <th>samal - /s/
*** dcaoletq - /dz/
+
    <th>sqomol - /S/
** taoletq - /t/
+
    <th>þita - /T/
*** tceta - /ts/
+
    <th>tleta - /tl/
* '''E'''
+
    <th>walaþ - /w/
** ema - /@/
+
  <tr>
* Kh
+
    <th>-
** Qok - /qx/
+
    <th>-
** xok - /x/
+
    <th>nonn - /N/
* '''I'''
+
    <th>ómikra - /o/
** ima - /i/
+
    <th>xró - /R/
* Y
+
    <th>zamal - /z/
** yi - /j/
+
    <th>zqomol - /Z/
* L
+
    <th>ðita - /D/
** lamda - /l/
+
    <th>pleta - /pl/
* M
+
    <th>whilaþ - /H/
** mwé - /m/
+
  <tr>
* N
+
    <th>-
** nnonn - /n/
+
    <th>-
** nonn - /N/
+
    <th>-
* '''O'''
+
    <th>umikra - /u/
** omikra - /Q/
+
    <th>-
** ómikra - /o/
+
    <th>-
** umikra - /u/
+
    <th>-
* R
+
    <th>tjeta - /tS/
** ró - /r/
+
    <th>-
** xró - /R/
+
    <th>-
* S
+
  <tr>
** samal - /s/
+
</table>
** zamal - /z/
+
* Sh
+
** sqomol - /S/
+
** zqomol - /Z/
+
* Th
+
** þita - /T/
+
** ðita - /D/
+
** tjeta - /tS/
+
* Tl
+
** tleta - /tl/
+
** pleta - /pl/
+
* W
+
** walatq - /w/
+
** whilatq - /H/
+
  
 +
* Vowels are ''A'', ''E'', ''I'', ''O'' groups and ''Ró''.
 
* The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".
 
* The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".
 
+
* Adding "h" [[Wikipedia:platalization|platalises]].
=== The "h" Modifier ===
+
''Te "h" Méta''
+
 
+
By adding "h", the sound becomes [[Wikipedia:platalization|platalised]].
+
  
 
== Numbers ==
 
== Numbers ==
 
''Rivrenn''
 
''Rivrenn''
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| width="33%"|
 +
* 0 ziró
 +
* 1 koz
 +
* 2 kepl
 +
* 3 trah
 +
* 4 tetra
 +
* 5 þinkó
 +
* 6 egce
 +
* 7 zita
 +
* 8 okt
 +
* 9 nófem
 +
* 10 desimal
 +
* 11 onzann
 +
| width="33%"|
 +
* 12 dezann
 +
* 13 trahdesi...
 +
* 16 xekcidekc...
 +
* 20 kepsa
 +
* 21 kepasakoz...
 +
* 30 trasi
 +
* 40 tetrasi
 +
* 50 þigasi
 +
* 60 etjasi
 +
* 70 zikasi
 +
* 80 ojasi
 +
* 90 nóvasi
 +
|}
 +
 +
No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through [[Wikipedia:SI|SI]] based orders of magnitude.
  
0 ziró, 1 koz, 2 kepl, 3 trah, 4 tetra, 5 þinkó, 6 egce, 7 zita, 8 okt, 9 nófem, 10 desimal, 11 onzann, 12 dezann, 13 trahdesi... 16 xekcidekc... 20 kepldasi and so on.
+
{|
 +
|-
 +
| width="33%"|
 +
* Yota 10<sup>24</sup>
 +
* Hepa 10<sup>21</sup>
 +
* Jika 10<sup>18</sup>
 +
* Pemti 10<sup>15</sup>
 +
* Tira 10<sup>12</sup>
 +
* Giga 10<sup>09</sup>
 +
* Miga 10<sup>06</sup>
 +
* Xila 10<sup>03</sup>
 +
* Ektom 10<sup>02</sup>
 +
| width="33%"|
 +
* Sannti 10<sup>-02</sup>
 +
* Milé 10<sup>-03</sup>
 +
* Mikró 10<sup>-06</sup>
 +
* Dvar 10<sup>-09</sup>
 +
* Pitje 10<sup>-12</sup>
 +
* Femta 10<sup>-15</sup>
 +
* Atta 10<sup>-18</sup>
 +
* Zefda 10<sup>-21</sup>
 +
* Oxdi 10<sup>-24</sup>
 +
|}
  
The powers are: 1^1 dennz, 1^2 sennt, 1^3 kila, 1^6 miga, 1^12 giga, 1^18 tira.
+
For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom.
  
Once, twice, thrice... can be expressed by taking the number and suffixing '''-pla''' to it.
+
* Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number.
  
 
== Scripts ==
 
== Scripts ==
Line 106: Line 199:
 
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:
 
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:
 
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
 
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
*''Alexander's Land Script'' which mixes Greek, [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Wikipedia:Georgian Alphabet|Georgian]] (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) which is written right to left.
+
*''Alexander's Land Script'' (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) mixes Greek, [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Wikipedia:Georgian Alphabet|Georgian]] and is written right to left.
  
 
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.
 
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.
Line 113: Line 206:
 
''DomSinntak''
 
''DomSinntak''
  
''To Be Written''
+
Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|Indo-European languages]], the Noun cases in particular derive from the [[Wikipedia:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric languages]].
  
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Pronouns ===
''IzemEkcMéta''
+
==== Personal Pronouns and Conjugations ====
 
+
 
* I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
 
* I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
 
* We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
 
* We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
Line 127: Line 219:
 
* They = þes, þeþ = They are
 
* They = þes, þeþ = They are
 
* One = Unn, Unnþ = One is
 
* One = Unn, Unnþ = One is
 +
 +
==== Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns ====
 +
''To Be Written''
  
 
=== Inflexion ===
 
=== Inflexion ===
Line 155: Line 250:
  
 
===== Noun Cases =====
 
===== Noun Cases =====
''To Be Written''
+
<table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=1 border=1>
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th>Case                   
 +
    <th>Affix                             
 +
    <th>Example 
 +
    <th>Translation
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Grammatical
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Nominative
 +
    <td>-
 +
    <td>kotj
 +
    <td>house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Genitive
 +
    <td>-nnó (s)/-mó (pl)
 +
    <td>kotjnnó
 +
    <td>of (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Dative
 +
    <td>-inn
 +
    <td>kotjinn
 +
    <td>house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Accusative
 +
    <td>-m
 +
    <td>kotjom
 +
    <td>house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Locative
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Inessive
 +
    <td>itra-
 +
    <td>prakotj
 +
    <td>inside (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Illative
 +
    <td>-eza
 +
    <td>ezakotj
 +
    <td>into (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Elative
 +
    <td>ekc-
 +
    <td>komkotj
 +
    <td>out of (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Adessive 1
 +
    <td>rao-
 +
    <td>raokotj
 +
    <td>on (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Adessive 2
 +
    <td>nha-
 +
    <td>nhakotj
 +
    <td>at (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Adessive 3
 +
    <td>nhe-
 +
    <td>nhekotj
 +
    <td>alongside (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Adessive 4
 +
    <td>nho-
 +
    <td>nhokotj
 +
    <td>near (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Allative
 +
    <td>li-
 +
    <td>likotj
 +
    <td>onto (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Ablative
 +
    <td>lo-
 +
    <td>lokotj
 +
    <td>off of (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Other
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Essive
 +
    <td>sim-
 +
    <td>simkotj
 +
    <td>as (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Comitative
 +
    <td>vek-
 +
    <td>vekotj
 +
    <td>with (a/the) house(s)
 +
</tr>
 +
    <td>Abessive
 +
    <td>is-
 +
    <td>iskotj
 +
    <td>without (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Terminative
 +
    <td>noh-
 +
    <td>nohkotj
 +
    <td>up to (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Instructive
 +
    <td>vah-
 +
    <td>vahzvãodahtj
 +
    <td>by telephone
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Prolative
 +
    <td>tca-
 +
    <td>tcakotj
 +
    <td>through (a/the) house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Excessive
 +
    <td>-nnt
 +
    <td>kotjonnt nohdrev
 +
    <td>from house to home
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Distributive
 +
    <td>-plann
 +
    <td>kotjplann
 +
    <td>per house
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Distributive-temporal
 +
    <td>-plat
 +
    <td>solplat
 +
    <td>per day
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Causal
 +
    <td>zig-
 +
    <td>zigikotj
 +
    <td>for (a/the) house(s)
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <td>Causal-emotive
 +
    <td>zik-
 +
    <td>zikdrug
 +
    <td>because of anger
 +
  <tr>
 +
</table>
  
 
==== Adjective ====
 
==== Adjective ====
Line 171: Line 399:
 
* Past = p(e)-
 
* Past = p(e)-
 
* Future = s(e)-
 
* Future = s(e)-
 +
 +
===== Moods =====
 +
''To Be Written''
 +
 +
===== Evidentiality =====
 +
'''Sensory'''
 +
* Direct experience = ''unmarked''
 +
* Sensory observation = -ãra
 +
'''Quotative'''
 +
* Inference = -éga
 +
* Hearsay = -ron
 +
 +
John supposedly eats penguins
 +
Jonn mannsquennem redóron
 +
Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour
  
 
==== Adverb ====
 
==== Adverb ====
Line 180: Line 423:
 
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu''
 
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu''
  
Sentences are written in the [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order.
+
All sentences, including questions, are written in the [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order.
  
 
  The man destroyed the blue house
 
  The man destroyed the blue house
 
  Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó
 
  Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó
 
  The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
 
  The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
 +
 +
As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to [[Wikipedia:Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] order.
 +
 +
I will fly to Paris by aeroplane tomorrow
 +
Yó setubuó sohvasol vahluxtbalu nohParis
 +
I future.fly.verb nextday instructive.aeroplane terminative.paris
  
 
== Common Phrases ==
 
== Common Phrases ==

Revision as of 20:50, 23 March 2005

Létal
Spoken in:Star City and Dotjxraomm
Total speakers: Around 6.7 billion
Genetic
classification:

Creole
 Létal

Official status
Official language of:1 country
Regulated by:Te Létal Kotj
Language codes
ISO 639-1: le
ISO 639-2: let

Létal is the official language of Star City. Beginning as a Germanic-Romance pidgin, it later diversified with increasing population diversity. Among the contributing, by most influencing, are: Japanese, Slavic and Korean. Létal is now considered a creole.

The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of ArxeLétal (Old Létal) "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> kletjtla -> letla -> létal - roughly shared language. Before this it was known as Hellenic Lip (LabisoGrekam).

The Alphabet

Te ÉlbaVotjé


A V B K J D E Kh I Y
élba - /ae/ votjé - /v/ péte - /b/ kamao - /k/ jamu - /dZ/ daoleþ - /d/ ema - /@/ Qok - /qx/ ima - /i/ yi - /j/
alba - /a/ fotjé - /f/ béte - /b/ kcamão - /ks/ - dcaoleþ - /dz/ - xok - /x/ - -
ãlba - /ã/ - - gamao - /g/ - taoleþ - /t/ - - - -
- - - gcamão - /gz/ - tcaoleþ - /ts/ - - - -


L M N O R S Sh Th Tl W
lamda - /l/ mwé - /m/ nnonn - /n/ omikra - /Q/ ró - /r/ samal - /s/ sqomol - /S/ þita - /T/ tleta - /tl/ walaþ - /w/
- - nonn - /N/ ómikra - /o/ xró - /R/ zamal - /z/ zqomol - /Z/ ðita - /D/ pleta - /pl/ whilaþ - /H/
- - - umikra - /u/ - - - tjeta - /tS/ - -
  • Vowels are A, E, I, O groups and .
  • The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".
  • Adding "h" platalises.

Numbers

Rivrenn

  • 0 ziró
  • 1 koz
  • 2 kepl
  • 3 trah
  • 4 tetra
  • 5 þinkó
  • 6 egce
  • 7 zita
  • 8 okt
  • 9 nófem
  • 10 desimal
  • 11 onzann
  • 12 dezann
  • 13 trahdesi...
  • 16 xekcidekc...
  • 20 kepsa
  • 21 kepasakoz...
  • 30 trasi
  • 40 tetrasi
  • 50 þigasi
  • 60 etjasi
  • 70 zikasi
  • 80 ojasi
  • 90 nóvasi

No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through SI based orders of magnitude.

  • Yota 1024
  • Hepa 1021
  • Jika 1018
  • Pemti 1015
  • Tira 1012
  • Giga 1009
  • Miga 1006
  • Xila 1003
  • Ektom 1002
  • Sannti 10-02
  • Milé 10-03
  • Mikró 10-06
  • Dvar 10-09
  • Pitje 10-12
  • Femta 10-15
  • Atta 10-18
  • Zefda 10-21
  • Oxdi 10-24

For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom.

  • Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number.

Scripts

Dcinnenn

There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:

  • Grecko-Cyrillic Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
  • Alexander's Land Script (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) mixes Greek, Arabic and Georgian and is written right to left.

Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese Hiragana whilst advanced texts, when capable, use Kanji ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.

Grammar

DomSinntak

Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from Indo-European languages, the Noun cases in particular derive from the Finno-Ugric languages.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns and Conjugations

  • I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
  • We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
  • You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
  • You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
  • He = Nhes, Nheþz = He is
  • She = Nhev, Nheþf = She is
  • It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
  • They = þes, þeþ = They are
  • One = Unn, Unnþ = One is

Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns

To Be Written

Inflexion

Skitão

In the following:

  • -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
  • -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
  • (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"

Article

There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.

  • Definite (Neuter) = Te
  • Definite (Masculine) = Tev
  • Definite (Feminine) = Tef
  • Partitive = Ró

Noun

Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by wa. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with Ser-.

  • Plurality = -(C)enn
  • Negation = é-
  • Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax
  • Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
  • State = -(V)st
  • Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
Noun Cases
Case Affix Example Translation
Grammatical
Nominative - kotj house
Genitive -nnó (s)/-mó (pl) kotjnnó of (a/the) house
Dative -inn kotjinn house
Accusative -m kotjom house
Locative
Inessive itra- prakotj inside (a/the) house
Illative -eza ezakotj into (a/the) house
Elative ekc- komkotj out of (a/the) house
Adessive 1 rao- raokotj on (a/the) house
Adessive 2 nha- nhakotj at (a/the) house
Adessive 3 nhe- nhekotj alongside (a/the) house
Adessive 4 nho- nhokotj near (a/the) house
Allative li- likotj onto (a/the) house
Ablative lo- lokotj off of (a/the) house
Other
Essive sim- simkotj as (a/the) house
Comitative vek- vekotj with (a/the) house(s)
Abessive is- iskotj without (a/the) house
Terminative noh- nohkotj up to (a/the) house
Instructive vah- vahzvãodahtj by telephone
Prolative tca- tcakotj through (a/the) house
Excessive -nnt kotjonnt nohdrev from house to home
Distributive -plann kotjplann per house
Distributive-temporal -plat solplat per day
Causal zig- zigikotj for (a/the) house(s)
Causal-emotive zik- zikdrug because of anger

Adjective

  • Adjective = -(a)tj

Verb

  • Verb form = -(C)ó
    • A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
  • Command form = -(V)dhó
  • Second person = -(C)ezd
  • Third person = -(C)eð
Tenses
  • Present = r(a)-
  • Past = p(e)-
  • Future = s(e)-
Moods

To Be Written

Evidentiality

Sensory

  • Direct experience = unmarked
  • Sensory observation = -ãra

Quotative

  • Inference = -éga
  • Hearsay = -ron
John supposedly eats penguins
Jonn mannsquennem redóron
Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour

Adverb

  • Base Adverb = -(a)tf
  • Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
  • Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu

Word Order

Zqlaobnnó Dadcu

All sentences, including questions, are written in the SOV order.

The man destroyed the blue house
Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó
The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb

As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to Time-Manner-Place order.

I will fly to Paris by aeroplane tomorrow
Yó setubuó sohvasol vahluxtbalu nohParis
I future.fly.verb nextday instructive.aeroplane terminative.paris

Common Phrases

Sóval Stennzazenn

  • Létal: - Létal - /leIt{l/
  • Hello: - Kahsó - /kaiso/
  • Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j@t dZ{tfi/
  • Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /@r@o jo/
  • Thank you: - Yanko - /j{NkQ/
  • Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iZvitrQ/
  • That one: Ate - /{t@/
  • How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pr{gz/
  • Yes: - Ahi - /aii/
  • No: - Nhi - /Ji/
  • I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jo eIkVptQio/
  • Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dQndeI iT gutSRaUm/
  • Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bj@nu b{TsQl/
  • How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /DaUnost/
  • Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /ts{lu/
  • Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /DaU vokQrdo {Ngl{ s@r/