Difference between revisions of "Laytal"
(Rewrite of Inflexion, Grammar) |
(alphabet, numbers, grammar, cases...) |
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Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
== The Alphabet == | == The Alphabet == | ||
''Te ÉlbaVotjé'' | ''Te ÉlbaVotjé'' | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | <table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=0 border=1> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>A | ||
+ | <th>V | ||
+ | <th>B | ||
+ | <th>K | ||
+ | <th>J | ||
+ | <th>D | ||
+ | <th>E | ||
+ | <th>Kh | ||
+ | <th>I | ||
+ | <th>Y | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>élba - /ae/ | ||
+ | <th>votjé - /v/ | ||
+ | <th>péte - /b/ | ||
+ | <th>kamao - /k/ | ||
+ | <th>jamu - /dZ/ | ||
+ | <th>daoleþ - /d/ | ||
+ | <th>ema - /@/ | ||
+ | <th>Qok - /qx/ | ||
+ | <th>ima - /i/ | ||
+ | <th>yi - /j/ | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>alba - /a/ | ||
+ | <th>fotjé - /f/ | ||
+ | <th>béte - /b/ | ||
+ | <th>kcamão - /ks/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>dcaoleþ - /dz/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>xok - /x/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>ãlba - /ã/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>gamao - /g/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>taoleþ - /t/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>gcamão - /gz/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>tcaoleþ - /ts/ | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | <th>- | ||
+ | </table> | ||
− | |||
− | + | <table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=0 border=1> | |
− | + | <tr> | |
− | + | <th>L | |
− | + | <th>M | |
− | + | <th>N | |
− | + | <th>O | |
− | + | <th>R | |
− | + | <th>S | |
− | + | <th>Sh | |
− | + | <th>Th | |
− | + | <th>Tl | |
− | + | <th>W | |
− | + | <tr> | |
− | + | <th>lamda - /l/ | |
− | + | <th>mwé - /m/ | |
− | + | <th>nnonn - /n/ | |
− | + | <th>omikra - /Q/ | |
− | + | <th>ró - /r/ | |
− | + | <th>samal - /s/ | |
− | + | <th>sqomol - /S/ | |
− | + | <th>þita - /T/ | |
− | + | <th>tleta - /tl/ | |
− | + | <th>walaþ - /w/ | |
− | + | <tr> | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>nonn - /N/ | |
− | + | <th>ómikra - /o/ | |
− | + | <th>xró - /R/ | |
− | + | <th>zamal - /z/ | |
− | + | <th>zqomol - /Z/ | |
− | + | <th>ðita - /D/ | |
− | + | <th>pleta - /pl/ | |
− | + | <th>whilaþ - /H/ | |
− | + | <tr> | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>umikra - /u/ | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>tjeta - /tS/ | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <th>- | |
− | + | <tr> | |
− | + | </table> | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | * Vowels are ''A'', ''E'', ''I'', ''O'' groups and ''Ró''. | ||
* The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão". | * The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão". | ||
− | + | * Adding "h" [[Wikipedia:platalization|platalises]]. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
== Numbers == | == Numbers == | ||
''Rivrenn'' | ''Rivrenn'' | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | width="33%"| | ||
+ | * 0 ziró | ||
+ | * 1 koz | ||
+ | * 2 kepl | ||
+ | * 3 trah | ||
+ | * 4 tetra | ||
+ | * 5 þinkó | ||
+ | * 6 egce | ||
+ | * 7 zita | ||
+ | * 8 okt | ||
+ | * 9 nófem | ||
+ | * 10 desimal | ||
+ | * 11 onzann | ||
+ | | width="33%"| | ||
+ | * 12 dezann | ||
+ | * 13 trahdesi... | ||
+ | * 16 xekcidekc... | ||
+ | * 20 kepsa | ||
+ | * 21 kepasakoz... | ||
+ | * 30 trasi | ||
+ | * 40 tetrasi | ||
+ | * 50 þigasi | ||
+ | * 60 etjasi | ||
+ | * 70 zikasi | ||
+ | * 80 ojasi | ||
+ | * 90 nóvasi | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through [[Wikipedia:SI|SI]] based orders of magnitude. | ||
− | + | {| | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | width="33%"| | ||
+ | * Yota 10<sup>24</sup> | ||
+ | * Hepa 10<sup>21</sup> | ||
+ | * Jika 10<sup>18</sup> | ||
+ | * Pemti 10<sup>15</sup> | ||
+ | * Tira 10<sup>12</sup> | ||
+ | * Giga 10<sup>09</sup> | ||
+ | * Miga 10<sup>06</sup> | ||
+ | * Xila 10<sup>03</sup> | ||
+ | * Ektom 10<sup>02</sup> | ||
+ | | width="33%"| | ||
+ | * Sannti 10<sup>-02</sup> | ||
+ | * Milé 10<sup>-03</sup> | ||
+ | * Mikró 10<sup>-06</sup> | ||
+ | * Dvar 10<sup>-09</sup> | ||
+ | * Pitje 10<sup>-12</sup> | ||
+ | * Femta 10<sup>-15</sup> | ||
+ | * Atta 10<sup>-18</sup> | ||
+ | * Zefda 10<sup>-21</sup> | ||
+ | * Oxdi 10<sup>-24</sup> | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom. | |
− | + | * Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number. | |
== Scripts == | == Scripts == | ||
Line 106: | Line 199: | ||
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words: | There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words: | ||
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations. | *[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations. | ||
− | *''Alexander's Land Script'' | + | *''Alexander's Land Script'' (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) mixes Greek, [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Wikipedia:Georgian Alphabet|Georgian]] and is written right to left. |
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon. | Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon. | ||
Line 113: | Line 206: | ||
''DomSinntak'' | ''DomSinntak'' | ||
− | + | Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|Indo-European languages]], the Noun cases in particular derive from the [[Wikipedia:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric languages]]. | |
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
− | + | ==== Personal Pronouns and Conjugations ==== | |
− | + | ||
* I = Yó, Yuþ = I am | * I = Yó, Yuþ = I am | ||
* We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are | * We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are | ||
Line 127: | Line 219: | ||
* They = þes, þeþ = They are | * They = þes, þeþ = They are | ||
* One = Unn, Unnþ = One is | * One = Unn, Unnþ = One is | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns ==== | ||
+ | ''To Be Written'' | ||
=== Inflexion === | === Inflexion === | ||
Line 155: | Line 250: | ||
===== Noun Cases ===== | ===== Noun Cases ===== | ||
− | + | <table cellPadding=1 cellSpacing=1 border=1> | |
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>Case | ||
+ | <th>Affix | ||
+ | <th>Example | ||
+ | <th>Translation | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Grammatical | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Nominative | ||
+ | <td>- | ||
+ | <td>kotj | ||
+ | <td>house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Genitive | ||
+ | <td>-nnó (s)/-mó (pl) | ||
+ | <td>kotjnnó | ||
+ | <td>of (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Dative | ||
+ | <td>-inn | ||
+ | <td>kotjinn | ||
+ | <td>house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Accusative | ||
+ | <td>-m | ||
+ | <td>kotjom | ||
+ | <td>house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Locative | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Inessive | ||
+ | <td>itra- | ||
+ | <td>prakotj | ||
+ | <td>inside (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Illative | ||
+ | <td>-eza | ||
+ | <td>ezakotj | ||
+ | <td>into (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Elative | ||
+ | <td>ekc- | ||
+ | <td>komkotj | ||
+ | <td>out of (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Adessive 1 | ||
+ | <td>rao- | ||
+ | <td>raokotj | ||
+ | <td>on (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Adessive 2 | ||
+ | <td>nha- | ||
+ | <td>nhakotj | ||
+ | <td>at (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Adessive 3 | ||
+ | <td>nhe- | ||
+ | <td>nhekotj | ||
+ | <td>alongside (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Adessive 4 | ||
+ | <td>nho- | ||
+ | <td>nhokotj | ||
+ | <td>near (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Allative | ||
+ | <td>li- | ||
+ | <td>likotj | ||
+ | <td>onto (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Ablative | ||
+ | <td>lo- | ||
+ | <td>lokotj | ||
+ | <td>off of (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">Other | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Essive | ||
+ | <td>sim- | ||
+ | <td>simkotj | ||
+ | <td>as (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Comitative | ||
+ | <td>vek- | ||
+ | <td>vekotj | ||
+ | <td>with (a/the) house(s) | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <td>Abessive | ||
+ | <td>is- | ||
+ | <td>iskotj | ||
+ | <td>without (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Terminative | ||
+ | <td>noh- | ||
+ | <td>nohkotj | ||
+ | <td>up to (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Instructive | ||
+ | <td>vah- | ||
+ | <td>vahzvãodahtj | ||
+ | <td>by telephone | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Prolative | ||
+ | <td>tca- | ||
+ | <td>tcakotj | ||
+ | <td>through (a/the) house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Excessive | ||
+ | <td>-nnt | ||
+ | <td>kotjonnt nohdrev | ||
+ | <td>from house to home | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Distributive | ||
+ | <td>-plann | ||
+ | <td>kotjplann | ||
+ | <td>per house | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Distributive-temporal | ||
+ | <td>-plat | ||
+ | <td>solplat | ||
+ | <td>per day | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Causal | ||
+ | <td>zig- | ||
+ | <td>zigikotj | ||
+ | <td>for (a/the) house(s) | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td>Causal-emotive | ||
+ | <td>zik- | ||
+ | <td>zikdrug | ||
+ | <td>because of anger | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
==== Adjective ==== | ==== Adjective ==== | ||
Line 171: | Line 399: | ||
* Past = p(e)- | * Past = p(e)- | ||
* Future = s(e)- | * Future = s(e)- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Moods ===== | ||
+ | ''To Be Written'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Evidentiality ===== | ||
+ | '''Sensory''' | ||
+ | * Direct experience = ''unmarked'' | ||
+ | * Sensory observation = -ãra | ||
+ | '''Quotative''' | ||
+ | * Inference = -éga | ||
+ | * Hearsay = -ron | ||
+ | |||
+ | John supposedly eats penguins | ||
+ | Jonn mannsquennem redóron | ||
+ | Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour | ||
==== Adverb ==== | ==== Adverb ==== | ||
Line 180: | Line 423: | ||
''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu'' | ''Zqlaobnnó Dadcu'' | ||
− | + | All sentences, including questions, are written in the [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order. | |
The man destroyed the blue house | The man destroyed the blue house | ||
Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó | Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó | ||
The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb | The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb | ||
+ | |||
+ | As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to [[Wikipedia:Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] order. | ||
+ | |||
+ | I will fly to Paris by aeroplane tomorrow | ||
+ | Yó setubuó sohvasol vahluxtbalu nohParis | ||
+ | I future.fly.verb nextday instructive.aeroplane terminative.paris | ||
== Common Phrases == | == Common Phrases == |
Revision as of 20:50, 23 March 2005
Létal | |
---|---|
Spoken in: | Star City and Dotjxraomm |
Total speakers: | Around 6.7 billion |
Genetic classification: |
Creole |
Official status | |
Official language of: | 1 country |
Regulated by: | Te Létal Kotj |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1: | le |
ISO 639-2: | let |
Létal is the official language of Star City. Beginning as a Germanic-Romance pidgin, it later diversified with increasing population diversity. Among the contributing, by most influencing, are: Japanese, Slavic and Korean. Létal is now considered a creole.
The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of ArxeLétal (Old Létal) "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> kletjtla -> letla -> létal - roughly shared language. Before this it was known as Hellenic Lip (LabisoGrekam).
The Alphabet
Te ÉlbaVotjé
A | V | B | K | J | D | E | Kh | I | Y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
élba - /ae/ | votjé - /v/ | péte - /b/ | kamao - /k/ | jamu - /dZ/ | daoleþ - /d/ | ema - /@/ | Qok - /qx/ | ima - /i/ | yi - /j/ |
alba - /a/ | fotjé - /f/ | béte - /b/ | kcamão - /ks/ | - | dcaoleþ - /dz/ | - | xok - /x/ | - | - |
ãlba - /ã/ | - | - | gamao - /g/ | - | taoleþ - /t/ | - | - | - | - |
- | - | - | gcamão - /gz/ | - | tcaoleþ - /ts/ | - | - | - | - |
L | M | N | O | R | S | Sh | Th | Tl | W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lamda - /l/ | mwé - /m/ | nnonn - /n/ | omikra - /Q/ | ró - /r/ | samal - /s/ | sqomol - /S/ | þita - /T/ | tleta - /tl/ | walaþ - /w/ |
- | - | nonn - /N/ | ómikra - /o/ | xró - /R/ | zamal - /z/ | zqomol - /Z/ | ðita - /D/ | pleta - /pl/ | whilaþ - /H/ |
- | - | - | umikra - /u/ | - | - | - | tjeta - /tS/ | - | - |
- Vowels are A, E, I, O groups and Ró.
- The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão".
- Adding "h" platalises.
Numbers
Rivrenn
|
|
No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through SI based orders of magnitude.
|
|
For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom.
- Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number.
Scripts
Dcinnenn
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:
- Grecko-Cyrillic Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
- Alexander's Land Script (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) mixes Greek, Arabic and Georgian and is written right to left.
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese Hiragana whilst advanced texts, when capable, use Kanji ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.
Grammar
DomSinntak
Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from Indo-European languages, the Noun cases in particular derive from the Finno-Ugric languages.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns and Conjugations
- I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
- We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
- You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
- You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
- He = Nhes, Nheþz = He is
- She = Nhev, Nheþf = She is
- It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
- They = þes, þeþ = They are
- One = Unn, Unnþ = One is
Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns
To Be Written
Inflexion
Skitão
In the following:
- -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
- -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
- (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"
Article
There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.
- Definite (Neuter) = Te
- Definite (Masculine) = Tev
- Definite (Feminine) = Tef
- Partitive = Ró
Noun
Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by wa. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with Ser-.
- Plurality = -(C)enn
- Negation = é-
- Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax
- Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
- State = -(V)st
- Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
Noun Cases
Case | Affix | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grammatical | ||||
Nominative | - | kotj | house | |
Genitive | -nnó (s)/-mó (pl) | kotjnnó | of (a/the) house | |
Dative | -inn | kotjinn | house | |
Accusative | -m | kotjom | house | |
Locative | ||||
Inessive | itra- | prakotj | inside (a/the) house | |
Illative | -eza | ezakotj | into (a/the) house | |
Elative | ekc- | komkotj | out of (a/the) house | |
Adessive 1 | rao- | raokotj | on (a/the) house | |
Adessive 2 | nha- | nhakotj | at (a/the) house | |
Adessive 3 | nhe- | nhekotj | alongside (a/the) house | |
Adessive 4 | nho- | nhokotj | near (a/the) house | |
Allative | li- | likotj | onto (a/the) house | |
Ablative | lo- | lokotj | off of (a/the) house | |
Other | ||||
Essive | sim- | simkotj | as (a/the) house | |
Comitative | vek- | vekotj | with (a/the) house(s) | Abessive | is- | iskotj | without (a/the) house |
Terminative | noh- | nohkotj | up to (a/the) house | |
Instructive | vah- | vahzvãodahtj | by telephone | |
Prolative | tca- | tcakotj | through (a/the) house | |
Excessive | -nnt | kotjonnt nohdrev | from house to home | |
Distributive | -plann | kotjplann | per house | |
Distributive-temporal | -plat | solplat | per day | |
Causal | zig- | zigikotj | for (a/the) house(s) | |
Causal-emotive | zik- | zikdrug | because of anger | |
Adjective
- Adjective = -(a)tj
Verb
- Verb form = -(C)ó
- A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
- Command form = -(V)dhó
- Second person = -(C)ezd
- Third person = -(C)eð
Tenses
- Present = r(a)-
- Past = p(e)-
- Future = s(e)-
Moods
To Be Written
Evidentiality
Sensory
- Direct experience = unmarked
- Sensory observation = -ãra
Quotative
- Inference = -éga
- Hearsay = -ron
John supposedly eats penguins Jonn mannsquennem redóron Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour
Adverb
- Base Adverb = -(a)tf
- Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
- Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu
Word Order
Zqlaobnnó Dadcu
All sentences, including questions, are written in the SOV order.
The man destroyed the blue house Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to Time-Manner-Place order.
I will fly to Paris by aeroplane tomorrow Yó setubuó sohvasol vahluxtbalu nohParis I future.fly.verb nextday instructive.aeroplane terminative.paris
Common Phrases
Sóval Stennzazenn
- Létal: - Létal - /leIt{l/
- Hello: - Kahsó - /kaiso/
- Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j@t dZ{tfi/
- Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /@r@o jo/
- Thank you: - Yanko - /j{NkQ/
- Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iZvitrQ/
- That one: Ate - /{t@/
- How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pr{gz/
- Yes: - Ahi - /aii/
- No: - Nhi - /Ji/
- I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jo eIkVptQio/
- Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dQndeI iT gutSRaUm/
- Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bj@nu b{TsQl/
- How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /DaUnost/
- Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /ts{lu/
- Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /DaU vokQrdo {Ngl{ s@r/