Difference between revisions of "Laytal"
From NSwiki, the NationStates encyclopedia.
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<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><big><font color=white>Létal</font></big></th></tr> | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><big><font color=white>Létal</font></big></th></tr> | ||
<tr><td>Spoken in:</td><td>[[Star City|Star City and Dotjxraomm]] </td></tr> | <tr><td>Spoken in:</td><td>[[Star City|Star City and Dotjxraomm]] </td></tr> | ||
| − | <tr><td>Total speakers:</td><td> Around | + | <tr><td>Total speakers:</td><td> Around 7 billion</td></tr> |
<tr><td valign="top">Genetic<br/>classification:</td><td> | <tr><td valign="top">Genetic<br/>classification:</td><td> | ||
[[Wikipedia:Creole Language|Creole]]<br/> | [[Wikipedia:Creole Language|Creole]]<br/> | ||
| − | '''Létal'''<br/> | + | [[Atlantic Languages|Atlantic]]<br/> |
| + | South<br/> | ||
| + | Low<br/> | ||
| + | '''Létal'''<br/> | ||
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr> | <tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=black><font color=white>Official status</font></th></tr> | ||
<tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr> | <tr><td>Official language of:</td><td valign="top">1 country</td></tr> | ||
| Line 34: | Line 37: | ||
<th>Y | <th>Y | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <th>élba - | + | <th>élba - [eɪ] |
| − | <th>votjé - | + | <th>votjé - [v] |
| − | <th>péte - | + | <th>péte - [p] |
| − | <th>kamao - | + | <th>kamao - [k] |
| − | <th>jamu - | + | <th>jamu - [dʒ] |
| − | <th>daoleþ - | + | <th>daoleþ - [d] |
| − | <th>ema - | + | <th>ema - [ə] |
| − | <th>Qok - | + | <th>Qok - [qx] |
| − | <th>ima - | + | <th>ima - [i] |
| − | <th>yi - | + | <th>yi - [j] |
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <th>alba - | + | <th>alba - [a] |
| − | <th>fotjé - | + | <th>fotjé - [f] |
| − | <th>béte - | + | <th>béte - [b] |
| − | <th>kcamão - | + | <th>kcamão - [ks] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>dcaoleþ - | + | <th>dcaoleþ - [dz] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>xok - | + | <th>xok - [x] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <th>ãlba - | + | <th>ãlba - [ã] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>gamao - | + | <th>gamao - [g] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>taoleþ - | + | <th>taoleþ - [t] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| Line 70: | Line 73: | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>gcamão - | + | <th>gcamão - [gz] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>tcaoleþ - | + | <th>tcaoleþ - [ts] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| Line 93: | Line 96: | ||
<th>W | <th>W | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <th>lamda - | + | <th>lamda - [l] |
| − | <th>mwé - | + | <th>mwé - [m] |
| − | <th>nnonn - | + | <th>nnonn - [n] |
| − | <th>omikra - | + | <th>omikra - [ɒ] |
| − | <th>ró - | + | <th>ró - [r] |
| − | <th>samal - | + | <th>samal - [s] |
| − | <th>sqomol - | + | <th>sqomol - [ʃ] |
| − | <th>þita - | + | <th>þita - [θ] |
| − | <th>tleta - | + | <th>tleta - [tɬ] |
| − | <th>walaþ - | + | <th>walaþ - [w] |
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>nonn - | + | <th>nonn - [ŋ] |
| − | <th>ómikra - | + | <th>ómikra - [əʊ] |
| − | <th>xró - | + | <th>xró - [ʁ] |
| − | <th>zamal - | + | <th>zamal - [z] |
| − | <th>zqomol - | + | <th>zqomol - [ʒ] |
| − | <th>ðita - | + | <th>ðita - [ð] |
| − | <th>pleta - | + | <th>pleta - [pɬ] |
| − | <th>whilaþ - | + | <th>whilaþ - [ʍ] |
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>umikra - | + | <th>umikra - [u] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| − | <th>tjeta - | + | <th>tjeta - [tʃ] |
<th>- | <th>- | ||
<th>- | <th>- | ||
| Line 129: | Line 132: | ||
* Vowels are ''A'', ''E'', ''I'', ''O'' groups and ''Ró''. | * Vowels are ''A'', ''E'', ''I'', ''O'' groups and ''Ró''. | ||
| − | * The only diphthongs are "ao" and "ão". | + | * The only diphthongs are "ao" [aʊ] and "ão" [ãʊ]. |
| − | * Adding "h" [[Wikipedia: | + | * Adding "h" [[Wikipedia:palatalization|palatalises]]. |
== Numbers == | == Numbers == | ||
| Line 194: | Line 197: | ||
* Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number. | * Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number. | ||
| − | == | + | == Orthography == |
| − | '' | + | ''Tatlasiragaki'' |
| + | === Scripts === | ||
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words: | There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words: | ||
*[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations. | *[[Wikipedia:Greek Alphabet|Grecko]]-[[Wikipedia:Cyrillic Alphabet|Cyrillic]] Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations. | ||
| Line 202: | Line 206: | ||
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon. | Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]] whilst advanced texts, when capable, use [[Wikipedia:Kanji|Kanji]] ideographs - though, these may disappear soon. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Capitalisation === | ||
| + | Only proper nouns are capitalised. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Punctuation === | ||
| + | Punctuation follows the Spanish model. Most notable are the inverted question and exclamation marks which precede exclamatory and interrogative sentences: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Help! | ||
| + | ¡Yão! | ||
| + | |||
| + | What? | ||
| + | ¿Ké? | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
| Line 297: | Line 313: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>Adessive 1 | <td>Adessive 1 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
<td>nha- | <td>nha- | ||
<td>nhakotj | <td>nhakotj | ||
| − | <td> | + | <td>on (a/the) house |
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td>Adessive | + | <td>Adessive 2 |
<td>nhe- | <td>nhe- | ||
<td>nhekotj | <td>nhekotj | ||
<td>alongside (a/the) house | <td>alongside (a/the) house | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td>Adessive | + | <td>Adessive 3 |
<td>nho- | <td>nho- | ||
<td>nhokotj | <td>nhokotj | ||
| Line 386: | Line 397: | ||
==== Adjective ==== | ==== Adjective ==== | ||
| − | * Adjective = -(a)tj | + | * Base Adjective = -(a)tj |
| + | * Comparative Adjective = -(a)tji | ||
| + | * Superlative Adjective = -(a)tju | ||
==== Verb ==== | ==== Verb ==== | ||
* Verb form = -(C)ó | * Verb form = -(C)ó | ||
** A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change | ** A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change | ||
| − | * | + | |
| + | ===== Person ===== | ||
| + | Used when pronouns are dropped. | ||
| + | * First person = -(C)exþ | ||
* Second person = -(C)ezd | * Second person = -(C)ezd | ||
* Third person = -(C)eð | * Third person = -(C)eð | ||
| + | * Fourth person = -(C)etc | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Aspect ===== | ||
| + | * Capacity (can) = d(i)- | ||
| + | * Permissive (may) = pl(e)- | ||
| + | * Willingness (will) = dh(a)- | ||
| + | * Futurity (shall) = zl(i)- | ||
| + | * Habitual (every day) = -(V)sk | ||
===== Tenses ===== | ===== Tenses ===== | ||
| Line 401: | Line 425: | ||
===== Moods ===== | ===== Moods ===== | ||
| − | + | * Imperative (command) = -(V)dhó | |
| + | * Conditional (would) = -(C)vi | ||
| + | * Hypothetical (could) = -(V)jil | ||
| + | |||
| + | If I could fly... | ||
| + | Maz yó mosójil... | ||
| + | If I fly.verb.hypo | ||
===== Evidentiality ===== | ===== Evidentiality ===== | ||
| − | + | * Sensory | |
| − | * Direct experience = ''unmarked'' | + | ** Direct experience = ''unmarked'' |
| − | * Sensory observation = -ãra | + | ** Sensory observation = -ãra |
| − | + | * Quotative | |
| − | * Inference = -éga | + | ** Inference = -éga |
| − | * Hearsay = -ron | + | ** Hearsay = -ron |
John supposedly eats penguins | John supposedly eats penguins | ||
| Line 438: | Line 468: | ||
''Sóval Stennzazenn'' | ''Sóval Stennzazenn'' | ||
| − | * Létal: - Létal - / | + | * Létal: - Létal - /leɪtal/ |
| − | * Hello: - Kahsó - / | + | * Hello: - Kahsó - /kaIsəʊ/ |
| − | * Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /j | + | * Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /jət dʒtfi/ |
| − | * Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - / | + | * Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /ərəʊ jʊ/ |
| − | * Thank you: - Yanko - / | + | * Thank you: - Yanko - /jaŋkɒ/ |
| − | * Sorry: - Izqvitro - / | + | * Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iʒvitrɒ/ |
| − | * That one: Ate - / | + | * That one: Ate - /atə/ |
| − | * How much?: - ¿Pragc? - / | + | * How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/ |
| − | * Yes: - Ahi - / | + | * Yes: - Ahi - /aɪi/ |
| − | * No: - Nhi - / | + | * No: - Nhi - /ɲi/ |
| − | * I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - / | + | * I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jʊ eɪkuptɔɪʊ/ |
| − | * Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - / | + | * Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dɒndeɪ iθ gutʃʁaʊm/ |
| − | * Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bj | + | * Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bjənu baθsɒl/ |
| − | * How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - / | + | * How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /ðaʊnɒst/ |
| − | * Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - / | + | * Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/ |
| − | * Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - / | + | * Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /ðaʊ vʊkɒrdʊ aŋgla sər/ |
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
Revision as of 18:57, 30 March 2005
| Létal | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Star City and Dotjxraomm |
| Total speakers: | Around 7 billion |
| Genetic classification: | |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | 1 country |
| Regulated by: | Te Létal Kotj |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1: | le |
| ISO 639-2: | let |
Létal is the official language of Star City. Beginning as a Germanic-Romance pidgin, it later diversified with increasing population diversity. Among the contributing, by most influencing, are: Japanese, Slavic and Korean. Létal is now considered a creole.
The meaning of "Létal" is though to be a contracted corruption of ArxeLétal (Old Létal) "kletj-tlann" ("among people") -> kletjtla -> letla -> létal - roughly shared language. Before this it was known as Hellenic Lip (LabisoGrekam).
The Alphabet
Te ÉlbaVotjé
| A | V | B | K | J | D | E | Kh | I | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| élba - [eɪ] | votjé - [v] | péte - [p] | kamao - [k] | jamu - [dʒ] | daoleþ - [d] | ema - [ə] | Qok - [qx] | ima - [i] | yi - [j] |
| alba - [a] | fotjé - [f] | béte - [b] | kcamão - [ks] | - | dcaoleþ - [dz] | - | xok - [x] | - | - |
| ãlba - [ã] | - | - | gamao - [g] | - | taoleþ - [t] | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | gcamão - [gz] | - | tcaoleþ - [ts] | - | - | - | - |
| L | M | N | O | R | S | Sh | Th | Tl | W |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lamda - [l] | mwé - [m] | nnonn - [n] | omikra - [ɒ] | ró - [r] | samal - [s] | sqomol - [ʃ] | þita - [θ] | tleta - [tɬ] | walaþ - [w] |
| - | - | nonn - [ŋ] | ómikra - [əʊ] | xró - [ʁ] | zamal - [z] | zqomol - [ʒ] | ðita - [ð] | pleta - [pɬ] | whilaþ - [ʍ] |
| - | - | - | umikra - [u] | - | - | - | tjeta - [tʃ] | - | - |
- Vowels are A, E, I, O groups and Ró.
- The only diphthongs are "ao" [aʊ] and "ão" [ãʊ].
- Adding "h" palatalises.
Numbers
Rivrenn
|
|
No numbers above 99 (nor below 0) exist as these can be manufactured through SI based orders of magnitude.
|
|
For example, 125 = 1.25 Ektom.
- Ordinals are formed by suffixing -pla to the intended number.
Orthography
Tatlasiragaki
Scripts
There are two alphabets which may be used to write Létal words:
- Grecko-Cyrillic Script (ElennaTsrilekatj Dcinn) which is written left to right and used for transliterations.
- Alexander's Land Script (wa Alexanndrosnnó-ke Dcinn) mixes Greek, Arabic and Georgian and is written right to left.
Grammatical particles are written in an adapted Japanese Hiragana whilst advanced texts, when capable, use Kanji ideographs - though, these may disappear soon.
Capitalisation
Only proper nouns are capitalised.
Punctuation
Punctuation follows the Spanish model. Most notable are the inverted question and exclamation marks which precede exclamatory and interrogative sentences:
Help! ¡Yão!
What? ¿Ké?
Grammar
DomSinntak
Whereas vocabulary is primarily derived from Indo-European languages, the Noun cases in particular derive from the Finno-Ugric languages.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns and Conjugations
- I = Yó, Yuþ = I am
- We = Nnami, Nnaþ = We are
- You = ðao (singular), ðaþ = You are
- You = Ti (plural), Tiþ = You are
- He = Nhes, Nheþz = He is
- She = Nhev, Nheþf = She is
- It = Nhu, Nhuþ = It is
- They = þes, þeþ = They are
- One = Unn, Unnþ = One is
Demonstrative & Interrogative Pronouns
To Be Written
Inflexion
Skitão
In the following:
- -(C) indicates that the final consonant is repeated if the word ends with a vowel
- -(V) indicates that the final vowel is repeated if the word ends with a consonant
- (v), where "v" is a vowel, indicates that the vowel is dropped if the word ends with any vowel except "é"
Article
There is no indefinite article or zero article and grammatical gender is found only in articles.
- Definite (Neuter) = Te
- Definite (Masculine) = Tev
- Definite (Feminine) = Tef
- Partitive = Ró
Noun
Nouns have no forms unlike adjectives, verbs and adverbs; though proper nouns are preceeded by wa. If one wishes to preserve the spelling and sound of a foreign word in Romanised text, one can prefix it with Ser-.
- Plurality = -(C)enn
- Negation = é-
- Agent = (Verb)-(C)ax
- Tool = (Verb)-(C)ahtj
- State = -(V)st
- Result of a Verb = -(C)ão
Noun Cases
| Case | Affix | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grammatical | ||||
| Nominative | - | kotj | house | |
| Genitive | -nnó (s)/-mó (pl) | kotjnnó | of (a/the) house | |
| Dative | -inn | kotjinn | house | |
| Accusative | -m | kotjom | house | |
| Locative | ||||
| Inessive | itra- | prakotj | inside (a/the) house | |
| Illative | -eza | ezakotj | into (a/the) house | |
| Elative | ekc- | komkotj | out of (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 1 | nha- | nhakotj | on (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 2 | nhe- | nhekotj | alongside (a/the) house | |
| Adessive 3 | nho- | nhokotj | near (a/the) house | |
| Allative | li- | likotj | onto (a/the) house | |
| Ablative | lo- | lokotj | off of (a/the) house | |
| Other | ||||
| Essive | sim- | simkotj | as (a/the) house | |
| Comitative | vek- | vekotj | with (a/the) house(s) | Abessive | is- | iskotj | without (a/the) house |
| Terminative | noh- | nohkotj | up to (a/the) house | |
| Instructive | vah- | vahzvãodahtj | by telephone | |
| Prolative | tca- | tcakotj | through (a/the) house | |
| Excessive | -nnt | kotjonnt nohdrev | from house to home | |
| Distributive | -plann | kotjplann | per house | |
| Distributive-temporal | -plat | solplat | per day | |
| Causal | zig- | zigikotj | for (a/the) house(s) | |
| Causal-emotive | zik- | zikdrug | because of anger | |
Adjective
- Base Adjective = -(a)tj
- Comparative Adjective = -(a)tji
- Superlative Adjective = -(a)tju
Verb
- Verb form = -(C)ó
- A root word ending in -a/ão becomes -a/ãó, but the pronunciation does not change
Person
Used when pronouns are dropped.
- First person = -(C)exþ
- Second person = -(C)ezd
- Third person = -(C)eð
- Fourth person = -(C)etc
Aspect
- Capacity (can) = d(i)-
- Permissive (may) = pl(e)-
- Willingness (will) = dh(a)-
- Futurity (shall) = zl(i)-
- Habitual (every day) = -(V)sk
Tenses
- Present = r(a)-
- Past = p(e)-
- Future = s(e)-
Moods
- Imperative (command) = -(V)dhó
- Conditional (would) = -(C)vi
- Hypothetical (could) = -(V)jil
If I could fly... Maz yó mosójil... If I fly.verb.hypo
Evidentiality
- Sensory
- Direct experience = unmarked
- Sensory observation = -ãra
- Quotative
- Inference = -éga
- Hearsay = -ron
John supposedly eats penguins Jonn mannsquennem redóron Subj penguin.pl.obj present.verb.rumour
Adverb
- Base Adverb = -(a)tf
- Comparative Adverb = -(a)tfi
- Superlative Adverb = -(a)tfu
Word Order
Zqlaobnnó Dadcu
All sentences, including questions, are written in the SOV order.
The man destroyed the blue house Tev anndros kotj kuraþaotj punnisqteó The.masc man house blue.adj past.destroyed.verb
As an SOV language, additonal phrases conform to Time-Manner-Place order.
I will fly to Paris by aeroplane tomorrow Yó setubuó sohvasol vahluxtbalu nohParis I future.fly.verb nextday instructive.aeroplane terminative.paris
Common Phrases
Sóval Stennzazenn
- Létal: - Létal - /leɪtal/
- Hello: - Kahsó - /kaIsəʊ/
- Goodbye: - Yet jatfi - /jət dʒtfi/
- Please: - ¿Ereó yó? - /ərəʊ jʊ/
- Thank you: - Yanko - /jaŋkɒ/
- Sorry: - Izqvitro - /iʒvitrɒ/
- That one: Ate - /atə/
- How much?: - ¿Pragc? - /pragz/
- Yes: - Ahi - /aɪi/
- No: - Nhi - /ɲi/
- I don't understand: - Yó ékuptohó - /jʊ eɪkuptɔɪʊ/
- Where's the bathroom?: - ¿Donndé iþ gutjxraom? - /dɒndeɪ iθ gutʃʁaʊm/
- Happy birthday - ¡Bhennu baþsol! - /bjənu baθsɒl/
- How are you? - ¿ðaonnóst? - /ðaʊnɒst/
- Generic toast: - ¡Tcalu! - /tsalu/
- Do you speak English?: - ¿ðao vókordó Anglaser? - /ðaʊ vʊkɒrdʊ aŋgla sər/
