Difference between revisions of "Hyarmendorean"

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|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="2" bgcolor=blue | <big><font color=white>Hyarmendorean<br>
 
! colspan="2" bgcolor=blue | <big><font color=white>Hyarmendorean<br>
''Hyarmen Qüenya''</font></big>
+
''Hyarmen Cuenja''</font></big>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Spoken in:
 
| Spoken in:
| [[Dohendor]], [[Vassfforcia]]
+
| [[Dohendor]], [[Hilvenídica]] and [[Plenfia]]<br>([[Vassfforcia]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Total declared fluent or learning speakers:
 
| Total declared fluent or learning speakers:
| 30 million
+
| 40 million
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Genetic classification:
 
| Genetic classification:
Line 19: Line 19:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Official language of:
 
| Official language of:
| 1 country (Vassfforcia)
+
| 1 country ([[Vassfforcia]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Regulated by:
 
| Regulated by:
| ''Academïa Qüenyatá''
+
| ''Academya Cuenjatá''
 
|-
 
|-
 
! colspan="2" bgcolor=blue | <font color=white>Language codes</font>
 
! colspan="2" bgcolor=blue | <font color=white>Language codes</font>
Line 37: Line 37:
 
|}
 
|}
  
'''Hyarmendorean''' is a centuries-old, descendant language of [[Wikipedia:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]] native to the Autonomous Republic of [[Dohendor]] and [[Hilvenídica-Plenfia]]. It is identified by its quick speaking consistency, its consonant-vowel flow, and in some cases its addition of Spanish and French words.
+
'''Hyarmendorean''' is a centuries-old, descendant language of [[Wikipedia:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]] native to the [[Autonomous Republic of Dohendor]], [[Hilvenídica]] and [[Plenfia]] in [[Vassfforcia]]. It is identified by its quick speaking consistency, its consonant-vowel flow, and in some cases its addition of Spanish and French words.
  
==History and general information on the language==
+
=History and general information on the language=
 
The language came to [[Alcedonia]] with the Celtic settlers (generically called [[Gáltad]]) who invaded the region where is today Vassfforcia.
 
The language came to [[Alcedonia]] with the Celtic settlers (generically called [[Gáltad]]) who invaded the region where is today Vassfforcia.
 
As the different clans settled down on different regions of the country two main language groups developed from the Gáltad language, one on the north (in [[Fors]] and [[Bolger]]), the Fors-Bolger dialects and the other in the south (in [[Dohendor]] and [[Hälvendil]]), the Dohen-Hälven dialects.  The northern variety extinguised itself around the 14th and 15th century, as the Vassfforcians destroyed the Kingdom of Fors and Bolger.
 
As the different clans settled down on different regions of the country two main language groups developed from the Gáltad language, one on the north (in [[Fors]] and [[Bolger]]), the Fors-Bolger dialects and the other in the south (in [[Dohendor]] and [[Hälvendil]]), the Dohen-Hälven dialects.  The northern variety extinguised itself around the 14th and 15th century, as the Vassfforcians destroyed the Kingdom of Fors and Bolger.
However, as both Dohendor and Hälvendil joined the Most Serene Republic voluntarily the southern variety of the language survived.  Then, at the beggining of the 19th century a group of Hyarmendorean-speaking poets decided to make efforts for the survival of their mother-tongue as it was dissapearing as it borrowed more and more French and Spanish words.  For this, they founded the [[Academïa Qüenyatá]] and compiled the grammar and spellig rules.
+
However, as both Dohendor and Hälvendil joined the Most Serene Republic voluntarily the southern variety of the language survived.  Then, at the beggining of the 19th century a group of Hyarmendorean-speaking poets decided to make efforts for the survival of their mother-tongue as it was dissapearing as it borrowed more and more French and Spanish words.  For this, they founded the [[Academya Cuenjatá]] and compiled the grammar and spellig rules.
  
  
=== Dialecting of Hyarmendorean ===
+
= Dialecting of Hyarmendorean =
 
After the compilation of the academic Hyarmendorean most dialects dissapeared as the academic variant became more widely known and spoken.  However, still today five main dialects exist:
 
After the compilation of the academic Hyarmendorean most dialects dissapeared as the academic variant became more widely known and spoken.  However, still today five main dialects exist:
  
'''Dohen Qüenya''' is the dialect spoken in the [[Province of Dohendor]].  It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the western variety as it is less lyrical and more gutural.  It is considered to be one of the two ''Fíorqüenyad'' (pure dialects).
+
==Dohen Cuenja==
 +
'''Dohen Cuenja''' is the dialect spoken in the [[Province of Dohendor]].  It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the western variety as it is less lyrical and more gutural.  It is considered to be one of the two ''Fýorcuenjad'' (pure dialects).
  
'''Hälven Qüenya''' is the dialect spoken in Hilvenídica (southern [[Hilvenídica-Plenfia]]).  It differentiates itself from the Plenfian variant because it uses less Franch and more Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.
+
==Hälven Cuenja==
 +
'''Hälven Cuenja''' is the dialect spoken in [[Hilvenídica]].  It differentiates itself from the Plenfian variant because it uses less Franch and more Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.
  
'''Qüenya Plenfïatá''' or the Plenfian Dialect is the dialect spoken in northern Plenfia (northern [[Hilvenídica-Plenfia]]).  It differentiates itself from the Hälven variant because it uses more Franch and less Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.
+
==Cuenja Plenfyatá==
 +
'''Cuenya Plenfyatá''' or the Plenfian Dialect is the dialect spoken in [[Plenfia]] and northern [[Hilvenídica]].  It differentiates itself from the Hälven variant because it uses more Franch and less Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.
  
'''Rhûn Qüenya''' or the Western Dialect is the dialect spoken in [[Rhûnorodtal]].  It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen dialect as it is more lyrical and less gutural.  It is considered to be one of the two ''Fíorqüenyad'' (pure dialects).
+
==Ruhn Cuenja==
 +
'''Ruhn Cuenja''' or the Western Dialect is the dialect spoken in [[Rhûnorodtal]].  It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen dialect as it is more lyrical and less gutural.  It is considered to be one of the two ''Fýorcuenjad'' (pure dialects).<br><br>
  
Hyarmendorean speakers of this four dialects can understand each other without many diificulties.
+
Hyarmendorean-speakers of these four dialects can understand each other without many diificulties.
  
'''Hyarmeñol''' is not exactly a dialect of Hyarmendorean but a créole language which is widely spoken in [[Hilvenídica]] and [[Tirritidivá]] which combines, as the name suggests, Spanish and Hyarmendorean.  Hyarmeñol speakers cannot understand other Hyarmendorean dialects if they are not proficient with the language as especially the pronunciation is quite different.  Many linguists does not consider Hyarmeñol to be a dialect of Hyarmendorean.
+
==Hyarmeñol==
 +
'''Hyarmeñol''' is not exactly a dialect of Hyarmendorean but a créole language which is widely spoken in [[Hilvenídica City]] and [[Tirritidivá]] which combines, as the name suggests, Spanish and Hyarmendorean.  Hyarmeñol speakers cannot understand other Hyarmendorean dialects if they are not proficient with the language as especially the pronunciation is quite different.  Many linguists does not consider Hyarmeñol to be a dialect of Hyarmendorean.
 +
<br><br>
  
==Pronunciation key==
+
=Grammar=
  
The pronunciation of Pacitalian letters is similar to Italian with slight augmentations.
+
=Writing System=
 +
Hyamendorean is written with the [[Wikipedia: latin alphabet|latin alphabet]] since the 16th century, when the runic alphabet it used before was replaced after the foundation of the Most Serene Republic and the consequent influence of Romance culture.  It is extended with the use of letter [[wikipedia: ñ|Ñ]] and diacritics Ä (Æ or AE), Á, Ë, É, Í, Ö (Œ or OE), Ó, Ü (or UE), Ú, Ý and Ŵ.
  
===Vowels===
 
* a = ''ah'' as in '''are''' or '''bra'''<br>
 
* e = ''ay'' as in '''pay''' or '''gray'''<br>
 
* i = ''ih'' as in '''bit''' or '''stick'''<br>
 
* o = ''oh'' as in '''grow''' or '''ode'''<br>
 
* u = ''oo'' as in '''boot''' or '''stew'''<br>
 
  
* For forward accented vowels , é, í, ó, ú) simply add volume to your voice (emphasis).
+
{|class="wikitable"
* For back-accented vowels (à, è, ì, ò, ù) draw the syllable out.
+
|-style="text-align:center"
 +
| '''Letter'''
 +
| '''Sound'''
 +
| '''Allophones'''
 +
|-
 +
|'''"a" ("á")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"ä"*, "ae"* or "æ"* ("áe", "ǽ")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/ø/}} and {{IPA|/ øː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
  
===Consonants===
+
|'''"b"'''
{|
+
|{{IPA|/b/}}
 +
|{{IPA|[β̞]}}, in rapid speech it can be replaced {{IPA|[b]}} in the initial position.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"c"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/k/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"ch"*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|[h]}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"d"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/d̪/}}
 +
|{{IPA|[d̪]}} sometimes appears initially, {{IPA|[ð̞]}} before A and O.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"dh"*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/θ/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"e" ("é", "ë")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"f"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/f/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"g" or "gu"*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/g/}}
 +
|{{IPA|[g]}} appears initially or after nasals and [ɰ] before vocals.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"h"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/h/}}
 +
|{{IPA|/h/}} at the beginning of a syllable, /0/ (no sound) after a vowel, it is used to mark a long vowel.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"i" ("í")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/ː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"j"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"l"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/l/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"m"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/m/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"n"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"ñ"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
 +
| It only appears in loanwords from French and Spanish (e.g. mihño = handsome)
 +
|-
 +
|'''"o" ("ó")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"ö"*, "oe"* or "œ"* ("óe")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/œ/}}, {{IPA|/ œː/}} and {{IPA|ə}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"p"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/p/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"q"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/k/}}
 +
|It is only used when a word ends with the sound /k/ written "cq" when the preceding vowel is short and "q" when it is long.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"r"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/ɾ/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"s"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/s/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"t"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/t̪/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"u" ("ú")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/u}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ ʊː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"ü* or "ue"* ("úe")*'''
 +
|{{IPA|/y/}}, {{IPA|/yː/}} and {{IPA|/ʏ/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"v"'''
 +
|{{IPA|/v/}}
 +
|It's sound is similar to the [[French]] v.  It used to be written "bf", but that's only found in names today.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"w" ("ŵ")'''
 +
|{{IPA|/w/}}
 +
|It appears as "gw" at the beginning of a syllable and as "w" at the end of a word.
 +
|-
 +
|'''"y" ("ý")'''
 +
|{{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/ː/}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|'''"x"'''
 +
|{{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
| width="33%"|
 
* b = ''buh''
 
* c = ''ss'' or ''cuh''
 
* cc = ''ch''
 
* d = ''duh''
 
* f = ''ef'' or ''fuh''
 
* g = ''gh'' or ''jih''
 
* h = ''ahn''
 
* j = ''yuh''
 
* k = ''cuh'' or ''che''
 
| width="33%"|
 
* l = ''luh'' or ''il''
 
* m = ''imm''
 
* n = ''inn''
 
* p = ''puh''
 
* r = ''rruh''
 
* s = ''ss''
 
* t = ''tuh''
 
* v = ''vuh''
 
* x = ''shi''
 
* z = ''zhi''
 
| width="33%"|
 
'''Diphthongs'''
 
* era = ''ehda''
 
* ra = ''da''
 
* gli = ''hlee''
 
* ci = ''chee''
 
* che = ''kay''
 
* ce = ''chay''
 
* cen = ''chen''
 
 
|}
 
|}
* Note there is no '''w''' or '''y''' in the Pacitalian alphabet.
 
 
===Apostrophisation===
 
  
Another alternative to molding syllables when you have the two cases above is to bring in an apostrophe to bridge two words. This also makes pronunciation simpler and lowers the risk of a serious tongue-twister accident.
+
Letters marked (*) are not considered individual letters, but combinations of letters or letters with diacritical signs.
  
'''Example: ''anche io lo sai'' can be changed to ''anch'io lo sai'' '''
+
=Phonology=
  
If you pronounce it you will notice it's easier to say the apostrophed version. However, both the unapostrophied and apostrophied versions are acceptable.
+
===Vowels===
 
+
{| border="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;"
==Verb stems to know==
+
| rowspan="3" | &nbsp;
Unlike [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], there are no full verbs. Instead, there are verb stems and they are conjugated by adding a certain letter combination for usage (as seen below). Here are a few of the important ones you will find useful.<br>
+
! colspan="4" | [[Wikipedia: Front vowel|front]]
{|  
+
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Central vowel|central]]
 +
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Back vowel|back]]
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
 +
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: rounded vowel|rounded]]
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Short vowel|short]]
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Long vowel|long]]
 +
! short
 +
! long
 +
! short
 +
! long
 +
! short
 +
! long
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Close vowel|close]]
 +
| {{IPA|i}}
 +
| {{IPA|iː}}
 +
| {{IPA|y}}
 +
| {{IPA|yː}}
 +
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
 +
| {{IPA|u}}
 +
| {{IPA|uː}}
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Near-close vowel|near-close]]
 +
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
 +
| &nbsp;
 +
| {{IPA|ʏ}}
 +
| &nbsp;
 +
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
 +
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
 +
| {{IPA|ʊː}}
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Close-mid vowel|close-mid]]
 +
| {{IPA|e}}
 +
| {{IPA|eː}}
 +
| {{IPA|ø}}
 +
| {{IPA|øː}}
 +
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
 +
| {{IPA|o}}
 +
| {{IPA|oː}}
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Mid vowel|mid]]
 +
| colspan="4" | &nbsp;
 +
| {{IPA|ə}}
 +
| &nbsp;
 +
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
! [[Wikipedia: Open-mid vowel|open-mid]]
 +
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
 +
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
 +
| {{IPA|œ}}
 +
| {{IPA|œː}}
 +
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
 +
| &nbsp;
 +
| &nbsp;
 
|-
 
|-
| width="33%"|
+
! [[Wikipedia: Open vowel|open]]
*to be - se
+
| colspan="4" | &nbsp;
*to have - tem
+
| {{IPA|a}}
*to do - ac
+
| {{IPA|aː}}
*to see - ver
+
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
*to read - la
+
*to write - escrib
+
*to love - cuer
+
*to want - desor
+
*to hate - anacuer
+
*to buy - compr
+
*to stay - anze
+
*to go - ze
+
*to return - revol
+
*to arrive - lega
+
*to leave - salp
+
*to drink - bib
+
| width="33%"|
+
*to eat - cumer
+
*to watch - miar
+
*to be able to - pod
+
*to know (knowledge) - sap
+
*to know (a person) - conco
+
*to find - encont
+
*to lose (something) - pird
+
*to lose (a game) - pird
+
*to win/earn - gan
+
*to travel - vi
+
*to drive - condu
+
*to bicycle - bici
+
*to ski - eci
+
*to walk - camm
+
*to run - corr
+
| width="33%"|
+
*to fall/descend - dest
+
*to climb/ascend - ast
+
*to build - constr
+
*to destroy - deconstr
+
*to hurt - mal
+
*to burn - pez
+
*to be sick - vom
+
*to grow - apr
+
*to pick - attram
+
*to learn - apren
+
*to ask a question - preggi
+
*to answer - rapun
+
*to call (telephone) - veam
+
*to speak - ablat
+
*to use - us
+
 
|}
 
|}
==Verb tenses==
 
There are seven verb tenses: Present (Basic), Past-Repetitive, Past-Singular, Past-Progressive, Present-Progressive, Future and Conditional. Here's a quick look at each.
 
  
Remember that there is no conjugation for each personal thought (ie. I eat, you eat), just one conjugation for each tense. This goes for every verb tense.
+
The Hyamendorean vowels A, O and U with or without '''[[wikipedia: umlauts| umlauts]] or diéresis''' are pronounced long or short depending normally upon what follows it in the syllable. If a vowel is at the end of a syllable or followed by an h it is always pronounced long (e.g. ''öhn'' = one). Any other vowels are pronounced short.
 +
The combinations "ch", "dh" and "cq" are always treated as a single consonant thus when preceded by a vowel, the vowel should be short.
 +
W is a [[wikipedia:semivowels|semivowel]]. Y has the sound /i/; it is used at the end of words (if the word is compounded or declined the "y" changes to "i") and on the diphthongs when the sound /i/ precedes the other vowel (e.g. hyarmen = south) .
  
===Verb tense: present/basic===
+
====Lexical stress ( ´ )====
This is the simplest of the verb tenses. When speaking in present tense, all you have to do is add the letter "a" to each verb stem to conjugate it.
+
  
Therefore, 'to call' would become '''veama''' and 'to grow' would become '''apra'''. 'To have' would be '''tema''' and 'to eat' would be '''cumera'''.
+
Hyamendorean has a phonemic stress system — the place where stress will fall cannot be predicted by other features of the word, and two words can differ by just a change in stress. For example, the word gwádal (with penultimate stress) means "water" whereas gwahdal (with final stress) means "scythe".  Thus in a written word, the stressed syllable can always be identified.
  
eg. I walk to school. ''Io '''camma''' a la escolara.''
+
====Diéresis ( ¨ )====
  
===Verb tense: past-repetitive===
+
* '''Ä''': In its short form comes close to the ''e'' of the English word b''e''d. Its long form has no equivalent in English but comes close to the /eir/ in "their".  It may also be written AE or Æ, all of them are considered correct.  When Ä should be stressed, ÁE is used instead.
This tense is used for events in the past that happened more than once, like "I used to go to school" or "I used to walk my dog".
+
* '''Ö''': In its long form comes close to the ''ir'' sound in the English word "bird".  It may also be written OE or Œ, all of them are considered correct.    When Ö should be stressed, ÓE is used instead.
 +
* '''Ü''': In its long form comes close to the ''yu'' sound in the English words "mule" or "music". It is pronounced similarly to the [[French language|French]] "u".  It may also be written UE which is also considered correct.  When Ü should be stressed, ÚE is used instead.
 +
* '''Ë''': It is used to mark that the E must be pronounced as it is a diphthong, e.g. AË, OË and UË (though it is usually written "WE").  When Ë should be stressed, É is used instead.
  
In this tense, simply add -ela to every verb stem ending in a consonant. In that case, 'to buy' would become '''comprela'''. On verb stems ending in vowels, use -ala. On a verb stem like 'to ask a question', the verb now reads '''preggiala'''. On verb stems that already end in an 'a', just add -la, so 'to arrive' becomes '''legala''' instead of a weird-looking '''legaala'''.
+
===Consonants===
  
eg. I used to walk to school. ''Io '''cammela''' a la escolara.''
+
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode"
 
+
|-
===Verb tense: past-singular===
+
!
As it suggests, and based on the information in the last-mentioned tense, you'll probably guess that this tense is used for events in the past that happened only once, for example - "I went to school" or "I walked my dog".
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Bilabial|Bilabial]]
 
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Labiodental|Labio-<br/>Dental]]
In this tense, add -ai to consonant-ended verb stems. That way, verbs like 'to destroy' will become '''deconstrai'''. On vowel-ended stems, add -rai, so that 'to drive' becomes '''condurai'''.
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Dental consonant|Dental]]
 
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
eg. I walked to school. ''Io cammai a la escolara.''
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>Alveolar]]
 
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Palatal|Palatal]]
===Verb tense: past-progressive===
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Velar|Velar]]
This tense is meant for actions, as in "I was walking to school". This tense is always used for English "-ing" verbs.
+
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia: Glottal|Glottal]]
 
+
|-
In this tense, add -ando to verb stems ending in a consonant. 'To construct' becomes '''constrando'''. For stems ending in a vowel, add -rado. When you do, a verb stem like 'to travel' becomes '''virado'''.
+
| [[Wikipedia: Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
 
+
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
eg. I was walking to school. ''Io '''cammando''' a la escolara.''
+
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|n}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|(ŋ)}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Plosive|Plosives]]
 +
| {{IPA|p}}
 +
| {{IPA|b}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| {{IPA|t}}
 +
| {{IPA|d}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| {{IPA|k}}
 +
| {{IPA|g}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| {{IPA|f}}
 +
| {{IPA|v}}
 +
| {{IPA|θ}}
 +
| {{IPA|(ð)}}
 +
| {{IPA|s}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| {{IPA|ʝ}}
 +
| {{IPA|x}}
 +
|
 +
| {{IPA|h}}
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Affricate|Affricates]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
 +
|
 +
| {{IPA|(β̞)}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|
 +
| {{IPA|(ɰ)}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Trill consonant|Trills]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|r}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Flap consonant|Taps]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="6" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|-
 +
| [[Wikipedia: Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|l}}
 +
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʎ}}
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
| colspan="2" |
 +
|}<span style="font-variant:small">
  
===Verb tense: present-progressive===
+
===Diphthongs===
This tense is meant for actions as they occur in the present, such as "I am walking to school". Again, it's used only for English verb-actions (those words ending in 'ing').
+
 
+
In this tense, add -ema to the consonant-ending verb stems, so that a verb like 'to climb' becomes '''astema'''. Add -rema to the vowel-ending ones to create a word out of the stem 'to stay' - '''anzerema'''.
+
 
+
eg. I am walking to school. ''Io '''cammema''' a la escolara.''
+
 
+
===Verb tense: future===
+
In this tense, which is things like "I will be walking my dog tomorrow", you simply have to add an 'a' with a 'gravacenta' or what is known as a 'grave' in English. Therefore, your conjugation will look like this: -à.
+
 
+
eg. I will walk to school tomorrow. ''Io '''cammà''' a la escolara mandatto.''
+
 
+
===Verb tense: conditional===
+
In this tense, you are meaning to express what you '''would''' do if an event occurred.
+
 
+
Add -aceti to consonant-ended verb stems to express that you, for example "would walk the dog" - ''Io cammaceti il porzo (Io cammacet'il porzo)''. On vowel-ended verb stems, add -ceti.
+
 
+
eg. I would walk to school, but I can get a ride. ''Io '''cammaceti''' a la escolara, pera io poda una conduciata.''
+
 
+
==Pluralisation==
+
Add -mu to the end of a noun. Angels becomes ''angelicamu'' instead of ''angelica'' and apples become ''pomamu''. When a consonant ends a noun (which is very rare), add -amu instead.
+
 
+
==Pronoun conjugation==
+
This is where conjugation differs within something, instead of on verbs where conjugation is universal in a tense. There are three pronoun types - ''masculina'' (masculine), ''feminena'' (feminine), and ''neutralità'' (neutral/unisex). Obviously, you should use masculine when talking about something of the male sex, feminine when talking about the female sex, and neutral/unisex when the noun/subject has no sexuality.
+
 
+
http://kfox.gamehorizons.net/Pacitalia/pronouns.jpg
+
 
+
eg. I(f.) walk to school. ''Ie camma a la escolara.'' (yay cahm-mah a lah esh-coh-lah-ra)
+
 
+
=== Tricks with pronoun conjugation ===
+
One problem arises with the conjugation and subjectivisation of pronouns. Although the rules above state that the object and subject take whatever their article says they are (masculine/feminine), in cases like "I (verb) you" or "you (verb) me" etc., the rules are different. In this case, when a male is saying the above example to a female and vice versa, the sexuality is cancelled out (even amounts of masculine and feminine). Therefore, you must use a neutral pronoun. If a female is saying I love you to two males, or a male is saying it to two females (in other words, one sexuality outweighs the other), use the original rules.
+
 
+
* I love you = ''Iu te cuera''
+
* You hate me = ''T'iu anacuera'' (Tu+Iu)
+
 
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki> pronounced shay and shaow
+
 
+
==Basic useful info==
+
 
{|  
 
{|  
 
|-
 
|-
| width="49%" |
+
| width="20%"|
;State of being
+
* '''AË'''
*I am = sono
+
* '''AI''' or AY at the end of a word.
*You are = sero
+
* '''AO'''
*He/she is = siro
+
* '''AU'''
*We are = serai
+
| width="20%"|
*They are = suro
+
* '''EA'''
 +
* '''EI''' or EY at the end of a word.
 +
* '''EO'''
 +
| width="20%"|
 +
* '''OI'''
 +
| width="20%"|
 +
* '''UA''' usually GWA
 +
* '''UË''' usually GWE
 +
* '''UI''' or UY
 +
* '''GWI''' or GWY
 +
| width="20%"|
 +
* '''YA'''
 +
* '''YÄ'''
 +
* '''YE'''
 +
* '''YO'''
 +
* '''YÖ'''
 +
* '''YU'''
 +
* '''YÜ'''
 +
|}
  
eg. I am your(m.) friend. ''Sono te amicatto.'', I am your(f.) friend. ''Sono ti amicatto.''
+
When a diphthong is long it is witten with an "h" after it and the long vowel is the strong vowel (A, E, O).
  
;Declarations
+
=Examples of Hyarmendorean=
*It is = C'estai
+
*This is = C'esta
+
*That is = C'estura
+
*These are = C'estano
+
*Those are = C'estara
+
  
eg. This is a delicious dinner. ''C'esta una cenata delicesa.''
+
===Numbers===
  
;Articles
+
{|class="wikitable"
*the (m., singular) = il
+
|-
*the (m., plural) = lo
+
|1 = öhn
*the (f., singular) = la
+
|10 = deich,<br> 11 = ön déag, 12 dha déag…
*the (f., plural) = le
+
|100 = ön cyad,<br> 101 = ön cyad öhn, 123, ön cyad tri fihche…
*a = uno/una
+
|1’000 = myhl,<br> 1337 = myhl trah cyad syacht trýocha
 
+
|-
eg. The apples - ''Le pomamu'', The bicycles - ''Lo bizziclomu'', The flower - ''La flora'', The dog - ''Il porzo'', A fire - ''Uno inferno / una inferna''.
+
|2 = dha
| width="49%" |
+
|20 = fihche
;Questions
+
|200 = dhah cyad
*what = qual
+
|10’000 = déag myhl,<br> 57’821 = syacht caogá mihl ohch cyad ön fihche
*where = quorta
+
|-
*when = quando
+
|3 = tri
*who = quante
+
|30 = tríocha
*why = poracuai, quai
+
|300 = trah cyad
*because = porsecuera
+
|100’000 = ön cyad mihl
*how = quave
+
|-
*here/near = cerca
+
|4 = cyǽdhär
*there/far = banta
+
|40 = dhǽchaëd
 
+
|400 = cyǽdheh cyad
*what is / what are = ce quala / ce qualta
+
|1’000’000 = milyún
*where is / where are = ce quorta / ce quortina
+
|-
*when is / does = ce quandara / (ce) quanderai
+
|5 = gwicq
*when are / do = ce quandina / (ce) quandura
+
|50 = caogá
*who is / are = ce quante / ce quantina
+
|500 = gwiq cyad
*how is / does = ce quave / ce quaverai
+
|1’000’000’000 = mihl milyún
*how are / do = ce quavina / ce quavura
+
|-
 
+
|6 = se
eg. When does the next train come? I'm in a hurry. ''Ce quandera'il proggimo treni venda? Sono en la fuzzare.''
+
|60 = seáscah
 
+
|600 = seh cyad
;Quantity/Maximum/Minimum
+
|-
* All / total = tutto / tutta
+
|7 = syacht
* None = nunto / nunta
+
|70 = saëchtó
* Some = semia / algatta
+
|700 syáchah cyad
* Most / the most = masso / moltomasso
+
|-
* Least / the least = buno / moltobuno
+
|8 = ocht
 +
|80 = ochtó
 +
|800 = ohch cyad
 +
|-
 +
|9 = nagwý
 +
|90 = nocha
 +
|900 = nahch cyad
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
==Important nouns==
+
===Pronouns===
{|
+
|-
+
| width="33%"|
+
;Drinks
+
*water - acqua
+
*mineral water - acqua di minerali
+
*juice - giusta (di arance, di poma, di citrazzo)
+
*milk - lattia
+
*cream - crema
+
*coffee - cafe
+
*tea - teata
+
*hot chocolate - lattia calta con ciocolatta (caltecioco)
+
*martini - martini
+
*margarita - margaritta
+
 
+
;Fruits and vegetables
+
*apple - poma
+
*banana - banana
+
*orange - arance
+
*pear - pera
+
*grape - razzo
+
*lemon - limone
+
*lime - lemea
+
*grapefruit - citrazzo
+
*strawberry - fressa
+
*cherry - ciona
+
*blueberry - acquaza
+
*blackberry - norazzo
+
*peach - empecca
+
*nectarine - emectarina
+
*plum - pruna
+
*tomato - tomata
+
*mango - mangiati
+
*pineapple - penapoma
+
*papaya - papaggia
+
*starfruit - estratafruta
+
*pomegranate - pomagranata
+
*passionfruit - pazzatofruta
+
*cactus - cactato
+
*canteloupe - cantelopo
+
*watermelon - melone d'acqua
+
*honeydew - melone di verdi
+
 
+
*carrot - carotena
+
*lettuce - brassandora
+
*broccoli - broccoli
+
*cauliflower - califlora
+
*celery - celera
+
*onion - onona
+
*garlic - garlice
+
*potato - pomatera
+
*corn - cernato
+
*pepper - papriccia
+
*asparagus - asparaggia
+
*cabbage - cabbaggio
+
*cucumber - cucumbera
+
*radish - radiccio
+
| width="33%"|
+
 
+
;Meat and others
+
*beef - biftano
+
*lamb - lampa
+
*chicken - pollo
+
*pork - porco
+
*ham - carne ampari
+
*bacon - carne porcofati
+
*turkey - turiccia
+
*deer - antele
+
*bear - ursano
+
*sausage - salciccia (di porco, di biftano, di turiccia)
+
*tofu - tofu
+
*eggs - uovomu
+
 
+
;Ordering a meal
+
*soup - zuppa
+
*salad - insalata
+
*main course - corso principali
+
*dessert - desertano
+
*beverage - refrescato
+
 
+
;Body parts
+
*head - cabassa
+
*neck - sotrano
+
*torso - torsati
+
*arm - brazza
+
*leg - subrazza
+
*brain - brano
+
*heart - corazo
+
*lung - lunggi
+
*stomach - stomaccia
+
*eye - ogio
+
*ear - aurala
+
*mouth - boca
+
*nose - narsa
+
*tongue - tungia
+
*sexual organs - organimu sesuale
+
 
+
;Travel and transportation
+
*airplane - aeroplani
+
*airport - aeroporti
+
*flight - volo
+
*taxi - tassi
+
*car - automobo
+
*train - treni
+
*ferry - ferria
+
*subway train - treni subterrano
+
*bicycle - biciano
+
*scooter - scutaro
+
*motorcycle - motocelto
+
*road - via
+
*street - streto
+
*bridge - ponti
+
*highway - autostrada
+
 
+
| width="33%"|
+
;Hospitality
+
*hotel - otela
+
*motel - motela
+
*pensione - penzione
+
*hostel - ostelia
+
*house - caza
+
*nightly rate - rato dei nocturnamu
+
*pool - piscena
+
*breakfast room - sali di desattuno
+
  
;Living
+
{|class="wikitable"
*bedroom - sali di camia
+
|-
*bathroom - sali di lavra
+
|'''Singular'''
*kitchen - cucena
+
|'''Plural'''
*games room - sali di gieda
+
|-
*garden - giardino
+
|mé = I
 
+
|muid = we
;Nature (flora & fauna
+
|-
*tree - arbola
+
|mihxe = I (formal)
*flower - flora
+
|
*bush - busca
+
|-
*grass - grazo
+
|tú = you
*dog - porzo
+
|tusa = you
*cat - gattena
+
|-
*mouse - musa
+
|sihb = You (formal)
*bear - ursa
+
|sihbse = You (formal)
*antelope - antelera
+
|-
*fish - pesca
+
|é = he
*snake - serpentina
+
|yad = they
*eagle - aglo
+
|-
*bird - sentiramo
+
|xi = she
*sky - scia
+
|syad = they (femenine)
*cloud - anaclara
+
|-
*sunrise - sonarisa
+
|adh = it
*sunset - desonarisa
+
|yahd = that
*sun - sona
+
|-
*moon - mona
+
 
+
;Directions
+
*north - norto
+
*south - sota
+
*east - orienta
+
*west - occidenta
+
*northwest - nortoccide
+
*northeast - nortoria
+
*southwest - sotoccide
+
*southeast - sotoria
+
 
+
;Sports
+
*baseball - basaboli
+
*basketball - baschetaboli
+
*football - futaboli
+
*football (American) - futaboli Americano (Canadese)
+
*rugby - ruggibato
+
*hockey - occhia
+
*golf - gulfa
+
 
|}
 
|}
==Adjectives & adverbs==
 
===Adjectives===
 
{|
 
| width="33%"|
 
*clean - sobato
 
*dirty - anasobato
 
*loud - decibela
 
*quiet - anadecibela
 
*hot - calta
 
*cold - fria
 
*bright - lumino
 
*dark - analumino
 
| width="33%"|
 
*soft - sutari
 
*hard - ponto
 
*sharp - scarpi
 
*dull - dugia
 
*round - circuma
 
*square - anacircuma
 
*colourful - vivante
 
| width="33%"|
 
*black & white - neutralio
 
*messy - anorganista
 
*neat - organista
 
*transparent - transparenti
 
*opaque - opaccio
 
*difficult - dificilo
 
*easy - facilati
 
|}
 
*Infinitives: molto (very), non molto (not very)
 
  
===Adverbs===
+
===Useful Phrases===
Add -fama or -menti to each adjective to create its adverb form. eg. sharp becomes scarpifama or scarpimenti. The suffixes are interchangeable.
+
{|class="wikitable"
 
+
|-
==Cardinal numbers==
+
|Welcome to Dohendor!
For all numbers after 30, it is simply the format '''_0 + _''' -> so because 46 = 40 + 6, it is said as "cuarentia e sei".
+
|Fählte Dochendórchun!
{|
+
|-
 +
|Good morning!
 +
|Maidh pävä!
 +
|-
 +
|Good afternoon!
 +
|Maidh bunpävä!
 +
|-
 +
|Good evening!
 +
|Maidh oíche suag!
 +
|-
 +
|Hello!
 +
|Ahdü! ''or'' Maidia!
 +
|-
 +
|My name is __
 +
|Taim __ <br>
 +
Taixe __ (formal)
 +
|-
 +
|What's your name?
 +
|An vuil do ainm?<br>
 +
An vuilsa dose ainm? (formal)
 +
|-
 +
|I don't speak Hyarmendorean
 +
|Ni nil labhärim Hyarmen Cuenja<br>
 +
Neh labhärixe pa Hyarmen Cuenja (formal)
 +
|-
 +
|Where is the toilet?
 +
|Mar vuil el tualeh?
 +
|-
 +
|What time is it?
 +
|An uär an chloig vuil?
 +
|-
 +
|please
 +
|sivuplé
 +
|-
 +
|thank you
 +
|mehrcy
 +
|-
 +
|right (direction)
 +
|fyor
 +
|-
 +
|left (direction)
 +
|cleh
 
|-
 
|-
| width="33%" |
 
*1 - uno
 
*2 - due
 
*3 - tre
 
*4 - quattro
 
*5 - cinque
 
*6 - sei
 
*7 - siepto
 
*8 - octo
 
*9 - novatta
 
*10 - dice
 
*11 - onza
 
*12 - douza
 
*13 - triza
 
*14 - cuarda
 
*15 - cinquedice
 
| width="33%"|
 
*16 - dicesei
 
*17 - dicesiepto
 
*18 - diceocto
 
*19 - dicenova
 
*20 - vinte
 
*21 - vinteuno
 
*22 - vintedue
 
*23 - vintetre
 
*24 - vintequattro
 
*25 - vintecinque
 
*26 - vintesei
 
*27 - vintesiepto
 
*28 - vinteocto
 
*29 - vintenova
 
*30 - trentia
 
| width="33%"|
 
*35 - trenticinque
 
*40 - cuarentia
 
*45 - cuarentiacinque
 
*50 - semicento
 
*60 - seitentia
 
*70 - septentia
 
*80 - octentia
 
*90 - noventia
 
*100 - cento
 
*250 - quatteromila
 
*500 - semimila
 
*1,000 - mila
 
*10,000 - dicemila
 
*100,000 - centomila
 
*1,000,000 - fanto
 
 
|}
 
|}
*1,425,745 - fanto quattro cento vinte cinque mila siepto cento e quattrando cinque
+
 
 +
==Further Reading==
 +
*[[Languages of Vassfforcia]]
  
 
{{Languages}}
 
{{Languages}}

Latest revision as of 16:07, 25 September 2007

Hyarmendorean

Hyarmen Cuenja

Spoken in: Dohendor, Hilvenídica and Plenfia
(Vassfforcia)
Total declared fluent or learning speakers: 40 million
Genetic classification: Indo-European

 Celtic
  Gáltad
   Hyarmendorean

Official status
Official language of: 1 country (Vassfforcia)
Regulated by: Academya Cuenjatá
Language codes
ISO-639-1 HA
ISO-639-2 HAQ
SIL HAQY

Hyarmendorean is a centuries-old, descendant language of Celtic languages native to the Autonomous Republic of Dohendor, Hilvenídica and Plenfia in Vassfforcia. It is identified by its quick speaking consistency, its consonant-vowel flow, and in some cases its addition of Spanish and French words.

History and general information on the language

The language came to Alcedonia with the Celtic settlers (generically called Gáltad) who invaded the region where is today Vassfforcia. As the different clans settled down on different regions of the country two main language groups developed from the Gáltad language, one on the north (in Fors and Bolger), the Fors-Bolger dialects and the other in the south (in Dohendor and Hälvendil), the Dohen-Hälven dialects. The northern variety extinguised itself around the 14th and 15th century, as the Vassfforcians destroyed the Kingdom of Fors and Bolger. However, as both Dohendor and Hälvendil joined the Most Serene Republic voluntarily the southern variety of the language survived. Then, at the beggining of the 19th century a group of Hyarmendorean-speaking poets decided to make efforts for the survival of their mother-tongue as it was dissapearing as it borrowed more and more French and Spanish words. For this, they founded the Academya Cuenjatá and compiled the grammar and spellig rules.


Dialecting of Hyarmendorean

After the compilation of the academic Hyarmendorean most dialects dissapeared as the academic variant became more widely known and spoken. However, still today five main dialects exist:

Dohen Cuenja

Dohen Cuenja is the dialect spoken in the Province of Dohendor. It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the western variety as it is less lyrical and more gutural. It is considered to be one of the two Fýorcuenjad (pure dialects).

Hälven Cuenja

Hälven Cuenja is the dialect spoken in Hilvenídica. It differentiates itself from the Plenfian variant because it uses less Franch and more Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.

Cuenja Plenfyatá

Cuenya Plenfyatá or the Plenfian Dialect is the dialect spoken in Plenfia and northern Hilvenídica. It differentiates itself from the Hälven variant because it uses more Franch and less Spanish burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen and Western varieties as it uses more burrowed words.

Ruhn Cuenja

Ruhn Cuenja or the Western Dialect is the dialect spoken in Rhûnorodtal. It differentiates itself from the Hälven and Plenfian variants because it does not use so many burrowed words. While it differentiates from the Dohen dialect as it is more lyrical and less gutural. It is considered to be one of the two Fýorcuenjad (pure dialects).

Hyarmendorean-speakers of these four dialects can understand each other without many diificulties.

Hyarmeñol

Hyarmeñol is not exactly a dialect of Hyarmendorean but a créole language which is widely spoken in Hilvenídica City and Tirritidivá which combines, as the name suggests, Spanish and Hyarmendorean. Hyarmeñol speakers cannot understand other Hyarmendorean dialects if they are not proficient with the language as especially the pronunciation is quite different. Many linguists does not consider Hyarmeñol to be a dialect of Hyarmendorean.

Grammar

Writing System

Hyamendorean is written with the latin alphabet since the 16th century, when the runic alphabet it used before was replaced after the foundation of the Most Serene Republic and the consequent influence of Romance culture. It is extended with the use of letter Ñ and diacritics Ä (Æ or AE), Á, Ë, É, Í, Ö (Œ or OE), Ó, Ü (or UE), Ú, Ý and Ŵ.


Letter Sound Allophones
"a" ("á")* /a/ and /aː/
"ä"*, "ae"* or "æ"* ("áe", "ǽ")* /ø/ and / øː/
"b" /b/ [β̞], in rapid speech it can be replaced [b] in the initial position.
"c" /k/
"ch"* /x/, [h]
"d" /d̪/ [d̪] sometimes appears initially, [ð̞] before A and O.
"dh"* /θ/
"e" ("é", "ë")* /e/, /eː/, /ɛ/ and /ɛː/
"f" /f/
"g" or "gu"* /g/ [g] appears initially or after nasals and [ɰ] before vocals.
"h" /h/ /h/ at the beginning of a syllable, /0/ (no sound) after a vowel, it is used to mark a long vowel.
"i" ("í")* /i/, /iː/, /ː/
"j" /ʎ/, /ʝ/
"l" /l/
"m" /m/
"n" /n/, [ŋ]
"ñ" /ɲ/ It only appears in loanwords from French and Spanish (e.g. mihño = handsome)
"o" ("ó")* /o/ and /oː/
"ö"*, "oe"* or "œ"* ("óe")* /œ/, / œː/ and ə
"p" /p/
"q" /k/ It is only used when a word ends with the sound /k/ written "cq" when the preceding vowel is short and "q" when it is long.
"r" /ɾ/
"s" /s/
"t" /t̪/
"u" ("ú")* /u, /uː/, /ʊ/ and / ʊː/
"ü* or "ue"* ("úe")* /y/, /yː/ and /ʏ/
"v" /v/ It's sound is similar to the French v. It used to be written "bf", but that's only found in names today.
"w" ("ŵ") /w/ It appears as "gw" at the beginning of a syllable and as "w" at the end of a word.
"y" ("ý") /i/, /iː/, /ː/
"x" [ʃ], [ʒ]

Letters marked (*) are not considered individual letters, but combinations of letters or letters with diacritical signs.

Phonology

Vowels

  front central back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
close i y   u
near-close ɪ   ʏ     ʊ ʊː
close-mid e ø øː   o
mid   ə    
open-mid ɛ ɛː œ œː      
open   a  

The Hyamendorean vowels A, O and U with or without umlauts or diéresis are pronounced long or short depending normally upon what follows it in the syllable. If a vowel is at the end of a syllable or followed by an h it is always pronounced long (e.g. öhn = one). Any other vowels are pronounced short. The combinations "ch", "dh" and "cq" are always treated as a single consonant thus when preceded by a vowel, the vowel should be short. W is a semivowel. Y has the sound /i/; it is used at the end of words (if the word is compounded or declined the "y" changes to "i") and on the diphthongs when the sound /i/ precedes the other vowel (e.g. hyarmen = south) .

Lexical stress ( ´ )

Hyamendorean has a phonemic stress system — the place where stress will fall cannot be predicted by other features of the word, and two words can differ by just a change in stress. For example, the word gwádal (with penultimate stress) means "water" whereas gwahdal (with final stress) means "scythe". Thus in a written word, the stressed syllable can always be identified.

Diéresis ( ¨ )

  • Ä: In its short form comes close to the e of the English word bed. Its long form has no equivalent in English but comes close to the /eir/ in "their". It may also be written AE or Æ, all of them are considered correct. When Ä should be stressed, ÁE is used instead.
  • Ö: In its long form comes close to the ir sound in the English word "bird". It may also be written OE or Œ, all of them are considered correct. When Ö should be stressed, ÓE is used instead.
  • Ü: In its long form comes close to the yu sound in the English words "mule" or "music". It is pronounced similarly to the French "u". It may also be written UE which is also considered correct. When Ü should be stressed, ÚE is used instead.
  • Ë: It is used to mark that the E must be pronounced as it is a diphthong, e.g. AË, OË and UË (though it is usually written "WE"). When Ë should be stressed, É is used instead.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
Dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n ɲ (ŋ)
Plosives p b t d k g
Fricatives f v θ (ð) s ʝ x h
Affricates
Approximants (β̞) (ɰ)
Trills r
Taps
Laterals l ʎ

Diphthongs

  • AI or AY at the end of a word.
  • AO
  • AU
  • EA
  • EI or EY at the end of a word.
  • EO
  • OI
  • UA usually GWA
  • usually GWE
  • UI or UY
  • GWI or GWY
  • YA
  • YE
  • YO
  • YU

When a diphthong is long it is witten with an "h" after it and the long vowel is the strong vowel (A, E, O).

Examples of Hyarmendorean

Numbers

1 = öhn 10 = deich,
11 = ön déag, 12 dha déag…
100 = ön cyad,
101 = ön cyad öhn, 123, ön cyad tri fihche…
1’000 = myhl,
1337 = myhl trah cyad syacht trýocha
2 = dha 20 = fihche 200 = dhah cyad 10’000 = déag myhl,
57’821 = syacht caogá mihl ohch cyad ön fihche
3 = tri 30 = tríocha 300 = trah cyad 100’000 = ön cyad mihl
4 = cyǽdhär 40 = dhǽchaëd 400 = cyǽdheh cyad 1’000’000 = milyún
5 = gwicq 50 = caogá 500 = gwiq cyad 1’000’000’000 = mihl milyún
6 = se 60 = seáscah 600 = seh cyad
7 = syacht 70 = saëchtó 700 syáchah cyad
8 = ocht 80 = ochtó 800 = ohch cyad
9 = nagwý 90 = nocha 900 = nahch cyad

Pronouns

Singular Plural
mé = I muid = we
mihxe = I (formal)
tú = you tusa = you
sihb = You (formal) sihbse = You (formal)
é = he yad = they
xi = she syad = they (femenine)
adh = it yahd = that

Useful Phrases

Welcome to Dohendor! Fählte Dochendórchun!
Good morning! Maidh pävä!
Good afternoon! Maidh bunpävä!
Good evening! Maidh oíche suag!
Hello! Ahdü! or Maidia!
My name is __ Taim __

Taixe __ (formal)

What's your name? An vuil do ainm?

An vuilsa dose ainm? (formal)

I don't speak Hyarmendorean Ni nil labhärim Hyarmen Cuenja

Neh labhärixe pa Hyarmen Cuenja (formal)

Where is the toilet? Mar vuil el tualeh?
What time is it? An uär an chloig vuil?
please sivuplé
thank you mehrcy
right (direction) fyor
left (direction) cleh

Further Reading


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