Difference between revisions of "Chicoutim"

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==Phonology and Orthography==
 
==Phonology and Orthography==
 
Chicoutim is written in a simplified version of the Latin alphabet according to French orthography.
 
Chicoutim is written in a simplified version of the Latin alphabet according to French orthography.
 +
 +
==Morphology==
 +
 +
Of the complex morphology of both French and Akes Mersanint, only few aspects were continued into Chicoutim. Whereas a rather elaborate case system was developed, only three tenses survived, and Chicoutim has dropped all aspects, moods or voices.
 +
<br>
 +
Number and gender remains largely unexpressed in Chicoutim, as well.
 +
 +
===Number and Gender===
 +
There is no grammatical number in Chicoutim; instead, if number should be expressed, some form of semantic number is used.
 +
<br><br>
 +
Something similar can be said of gender. Words such as '''ape''' ''(male)'' or '''lou''' ''(female)'' are sometimes used as adjectives to denote gender.
 +
 +
===Cases===
 +
====Morphosyntactic Alignment====
 +
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| ''accusative case''
 +
| direct object
 +
| '''-que'''
 +
|
 +
| I see '''father'''.
 +
| Me '''wouique''' waraille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''objective case (indirect)''
 +
| indirect object
 +
| '''-se'''
 +
|
 +
| I gave it '''to father'''.
 +
| Me '''wouise''' dounnaille.
 +
|}
 +
 +
====Relation====
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| ''benefactive cause''
 +
| for/intended for sth.
 +
| '''-pour
 +
|
 +
| I made this ''for father'''.
 +
| Me cique '''wouipour''' fégoure.
 +
|-
 +
| ''possessive case''
 +
| direct possession by sth.
 +
| '''-en'''
 +
|
 +
| This is '''father's''' car.
 +
| Ci watoure '''wouien''' aille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''sociative case''
 +
| along/together with sth.
 +
| '''-awè'''
 +
|
 +
| I visited Jonquière with father.
 +
| Me Jonquièrese '''wouiawè''' wisitégoure.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
====Place====
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| ''ablative case''
 +
| away from sth.
 +
| '''-dè'''
 +
|
 +
| She goes '''away from the house'''.
 +
| Ile '''kakoudè''' alaille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''adessive case''
 +
| near/at/by
 +
| '''-prè'''
 +
|
 +
| The tree stands '''at the house'''.
 +
| Pepou '''kakouprè''' aille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''elative case''
 +
| out of sth.
 +
| '''-parte'''
 +
|
 +
| They go '''out of the house'''.
 +
| Ile '''kakouparte''' alaille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''illative case''
 +
| into sth.
 +
| '''-a'''
 +
|
 +
| They go '''into the house'''.
 +
| Ile '''kakoua''' alaille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''inessive case''
 +
| inside sth.
 +
| '''-dan'''
 +
|
 +
| They are '''inside the house'''.
 +
| Ile '''kakoudan''' aille.
 +
|-
 +
| ''superessive case''
 +
| on top of sth.
 +
| '''-sour'''
 +
|
 +
| The cat's on top of the house.
 +
| Catte '''kakousour''' aille.
 +
|}
 +
 +
===Tenses===
 +
Only three tenses are present in Chicoutim: the present, the future and the past. However, depending on their context, they can take additional meanings such as pluperfect or future perfect.
 +
<br>
 +
The three tenses are built by adding a suffix to the verb stem.
 +
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| ''Tense''
 +
| ''Suffix''
 +
|
 +
| '''to see'''
 +
| '''war'''
 +
|-
 +
| ''Present''
 +
| '''-aille'''
 +
|
 +
| I '''see''' him.
 +
| Me ilque '''waraille'''.
 +
|-
 +
| ''Preterit''
 +
| '''-goure'''
 +
|
 +
| I '''saw''' him.
 +
| Me ilque '''wargoure'''.
 +
|-
 +
| ''Future''
 +
| '''-osse'''
 +
|
 +
| I '''will see''' him.
 +
| Me ilque '''warosse'''.
 +
|}
 +
 +
These suffixes are derived from three different verbs of Akes Mersanint, but have become the conjugated forms of the Chicoutim copula ''to be'' (no infinitive).
 +
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| '''aille'''
 +
| am/are/is
 +
|
 +
| I '''am''' happy.
 +
| Me konten '''aille'''.
 +
|-
 +
| '''goure'''
 +
| was/were
 +
|
 +
| I '''was''' happy.
 +
| Me konten '''goure'''.
 +
|-
 +
| '''osse'''
 +
| will be
 +
|
 +
| I '''will be''' happy.
 +
| Me konten '''osse'''.
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
===Pronouns===
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| '''English'''
 +
| '''Basic Form'''
 +
|-
 +
| I / we
 +
| me
 +
|-
 +
| you
 +
| tou
 +
|-
 +
| he, she / they
 +
| ile
 +
|}
  
 
==Vocabulary==
 
==Vocabulary==
Line 44: Line 220:
 
<TR>
 
<TR>
 
<TD>father</TD>
 
<TD>father</TD>
−
<TD>'''ouille'''</TD>
+
<TD>'''woui'''</TD>
 
<TD>'''uya'''</TD>
 
<TD>'''uya'''</TD>
 
<TD>''père''</TD>
 
<TD>''père''</TD>
Line 76: Line 252:
 
===Example Sentences===
 
===Example Sentences===
  
−
*''Chicoutim:'' Ouille-men watoure-ilen-que men-se preter-goure-pas.
+
*''Chicoutim:'' Wouimen watourilenque mese pretégourepas.
 
*''English:'' My father did not borrow me his car.
 
*''English:'' My father did not borrow me his car.
 
*''Qi:'' Fau uyasi karuka sisa likagura.
 
*''Qi:'' Fau uyasi karuka sisa likagura.
Line 82: Line 258:
  
  
−
*''Chicoutim:'' Ouikè-ilen nouwo odinatour-que acter-goure.
+
*''Chicoutim:'' Woukèilen nouwo odinatourque acetégoure.
 
*''English:'' Their parents bought a new computer.
 
*''English:'' Their parents bought a new computer.
 
*''Qi:'' Ukaipin ohokamputeuka siminagura.
 
*''Qi:'' Ukaipin ohokamputeuka siminagura.

Revision as of 04:36, 31 January 2006

Chicoutim (also Cikutim) is a creole that arose of the contacts between French settlers and the indigenous Alimi and Halani tribes in the area of modern day Chicoutimi, a province of Jonquiere-Tadoussac.

Of all descendents of Akes Mersanint, Chicoutim is the most widely distributed and least likely to die out. More than 5 million people speak it as a mother language, and it enjoys official status in the provinces of Chicoutim and Alma.

Phonology and Orthography

Chicoutim is written in a simplified version of the Latin alphabet according to French orthography.

Morphology

Of the complex morphology of both French and Akes Mersanint, only few aspects were continued into Chicoutim. Whereas a rather elaborate case system was developed, only three tenses survived, and Chicoutim has dropped all aspects, moods or voices.
Number and gender remains largely unexpressed in Chicoutim, as well.

Number and Gender

There is no grammatical number in Chicoutim; instead, if number should be expressed, some form of semantic number is used.

Something similar can be said of gender. Words such as ape (male) or lou (female) are sometimes used as adjectives to denote gender.

Cases

Morphosyntactic Alignment

accusative case direct object -que I see father. Me wouique waraille.
objective case (indirect) indirect object -se I gave it to father. Me wouise dounnaille.

Relation

benefactive cause for/intended for sth. -pour I made this for father'. Me cique wouipour fégoure.
possessive case direct possession by sth. -en This is father's car. Ci watoure wouien aille.
sociative case along/together with sth. -awè I visited Jonquière with father. Me Jonquièrese wouiawè wisitégoure.

Place

ablative case away from sth. -dè She goes away from the house. Ile kakoudè alaille.
adessive case near/at/by -prè The tree stands at the house. Pepou kakouprè aille.
elative case out of sth. -parte They go out of the house. Ile kakouparte alaille.
illative case into sth. -a They go into the house. Ile kakoua alaille.
inessive case inside sth. -dan They are inside the house. Ile kakoudan aille.
superessive case on top of sth. -sour The cat's on top of the house. Catte kakousour aille.

Tenses

Only three tenses are present in Chicoutim: the present, the future and the past. However, depending on their context, they can take additional meanings such as pluperfect or future perfect.
The three tenses are built by adding a suffix to the verb stem.

Tense Suffix to see war
Present -aille I see him. Me ilque waraille.
Preterit -goure I saw him. Me ilque wargoure.
Future -osse I will see him. Me ilque warosse.

These suffixes are derived from three different verbs of Akes Mersanint, but have become the conjugated forms of the Chicoutim copula to be (no infinitive).

aille am/are/is I am happy. Me konten aille.
goure was/were I was happy. Me konten goure.
osse will be I will be happy. Me konten osse.


Pronouns

English Basic Form
I / we me
you tou
he, she / they ile

Vocabulary

Origins

Words for moral concepts, plants and animals are commonly derived from Akes Mersanint, whereas words origining in the sciences or describing modern innovations are derived from French.

English Chicoutim Akes Mersanint French
airport èrpourte tinnameha aéroport
ancestor niné ninna ancêtre
car watoure karu voiture
cheese sètte saita frommage
father woui uya père
fig iwante ipanta figue
mother kèle kaila mère
sea lion tiyé tiye phoque
republic repoulik hutu republique

Example Sentences

  • Chicoutim: Wouimen watourilenque mese pretégourepas.
  • English: My father did not borrow me his car.
  • Qi: Fau uyasi karuka sisa likagura.
  • French: Mon père ne me prêtera pas sa voiture.


  • Chicoutim: Woukèilen nouwo odinatourque acetégoure.
  • English: Their parents bought a new computer.
  • Qi: Ukaipin ohokamputeuka siminagura.
  • French: Leurs parents achetèrent un nouvel ordinateur.


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