Difference between revisions of "Asuaneï"
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! colspan="2" bgcolor="#336633"| <big><font color=white>Asuaneï<br> | ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#336633"| <big><font color=white>Asuaneï<br> | ||
− | '' | + | ''Asvānēica''</font></big> |
|- | |- | ||
| Spoken in: | | Spoken in: | ||
Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Speakers: | | Speakers: | ||
− | | | + | | 65,840,000 (est) |
|- | |- | ||
| Genetic classification: | | Genetic classification: | ||
Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | '''Asuaneï''' (or ''' | + | '''Asuaneï''' (or '''Asvānēica''') is a major language in [[Baranxtu]] and is a sister language of the predominant [[Baranxeï]], to the point of being partially [[Wikipedia:Mutual intelligible language | mutually intelligible]]. |
In contrast to Baranxeï, Asuaneï is much more conservative in that it retains many grammatical distinctions from its predecessor than Baranxeï does. | In contrast to Baranxeï, Asuaneï is much more conservative in that it retains many grammatical distinctions from its predecessor than Baranxeï does. | ||
Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
− | Standard Asuaneï has 27 phonemic consonants. | + | Standard Asuaneï has 27 phonemic consonants. It distinguishes voiced and unvoiced consonants, just like its sister language Asuaneï. Whereas it has lost all uvular and glottal phonemes, it retained the retroflex series from their common ancestor, and part of the palatal series (the palatal fricatives, however, changed to s and z). |
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | ||
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! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | | ||
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant | bilabial]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant | bilabial]] | ||
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Dental consonant | dental]] |
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant | alveolar]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant | alveolar]] | ||
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant | retroflex]] |
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant | alveolo-palatal]] |
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant | velar]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant | velar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant | Plosive]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant | Plosive]] | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive | p]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive | b]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive | p]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive | b]] | ||
− | | align=center | + | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar plosive | t]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced alveolar plosive | d]] |
− | | align=center | | + | | |
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive | t']]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive | d']] | ||
+ | | | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive | k]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive | g]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive | k]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive | g]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant | Affricate]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant | Affricate]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | ts\]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | dz\]] | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant | Fricative]] | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial fricative | p\]]<br> | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative | T]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative | D]] | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative | s]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative | z]] | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative | s']]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative | z']] | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative | x]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative | G]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant | Nasal]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant | Nasal]] | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial nasal | m]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial nasal | m]] | ||
− | | align=center | + | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar nasal | n]] |
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex nasal | n']] | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal nasal | J]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal nasal | J]] | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Velar nasal | N]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Velar nasal | N]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant | Approximant]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant | Approximant]] | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiced labial-velar approximant | w]] | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
+ | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex approximant | r\`]] | ||
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal approximant | j]] | | align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal approximant | j]] | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
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====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
− | Standard Asuaneï | + | Standard Asuaneï regonizes 10 phonemic vowels; these are five length-distinguished pairs (i and i:, E and E:, u and u:, o and o:, a and a:). |
+ | Schwa and the rounded versions of i, E and a are only allophones of the others. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close-mid | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close-mid | ||
− | | align=center | | + | | align=center | |
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel | o]] | | align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel | o]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open-mid | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open-mid | ||
− | | align=center |[[Wikipedia: | + | | align=center |[[Wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel | E]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel | 9]] |
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
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===Alphabet=== | ===Alphabet=== | ||
− | ==== | + | ====Orthography==== |
− | + | There are two concurrant orthographical systems, simply called the '''Traditional Orthography''' and the '''Modern Orthography''' (introduced in 1992). | |
− | The | + | The differences between the two are rather minor; mainly, the Traditional Orthography is oriented more closely to the standard pronunciation (including external sandhi), whereas Modern Orthography places a stronger emphasis on the roots of the words (but still shows internal sandhi). |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | This largely only affects words ending in a vowel other than '''a/ā''', which change to '''y''' ('''e/ē''' and '''i/ī''') or '''v''' ('''o/ō''' and '''u/ū''') when preceding a word with an initial vowel. This change is expressed in writing by those using Traditional Orthography. | ||
====Romanization==== | ====Romanization==== | ||
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! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | | ||
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant | bilabial]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant | bilabial]] | ||
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Dental consonant | dental]] |
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant | alveolar]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant | alveolar]] | ||
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant | retroflex]] |
− | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia: | + | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant | alveolo-palatal]] |
!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant | velar]] | !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant | velar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant | Plosive]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant | Plosive]] | ||
| align=center | p<br>b | | align=center | p<br>b | ||
− | | align=center | + | | align=center | t<br>d |
− | | align=center | | + | | |
+ | | align=center | ṭ<br>ḍ | ||
+ | | | ||
| align=center | k<br>g | | align=center | k<br>g | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant | Affricate]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant | Affricate]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
| | | | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | c<br>j | ||
| | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant | Fricative]] | ||
+ | | align=center | f | ||
+ | | align=center | þ<br>ð | ||
+ | | align=center | s<br>z | ||
+ | | align=center | ṣ<br>ẓ | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | x<br>ğ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant | Nasal]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant | Nasal]] | ||
| align=center | m | | align=center | m | ||
− | | align=center | + | | align=center | n |
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | ṇ | ||
| align=center | ñ | | align=center | ñ | ||
| align=center | ŋ | | align=center | ŋ | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant | Approximant]] | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant | Approximant]] | ||
+ | | align=center | v | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | | align=center | | + | | align=center | r |
+ | | align=center | y | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close | ||
− | | align=center | | + | | align=center |i ī |
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | | align=center |u | + | | align=center |u ū |
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close-mid | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close-mid | ||
− | |||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | | align=center |o | + | | align=center | |
+ | | align=center |o ō | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Mid | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Mid | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | | align=center | | + | | align=center | |
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open-mid | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open-mid | ||
− | | align=center | | + | | align=center |e ē |
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
Line 253: | Line 237: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
− | | align=center |a | + | | align=center |a ā |
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Line 262: | Line 245: | ||
====Cases==== | ====Cases==== | ||
+ | |||
=====Nominative Case===== | =====Nominative Case===== | ||
− | The '''nominative case''' marks the subject of a verb | + | The '''nominative case''' marks the subject of a verb. |
=====Genitive Case===== | =====Genitive Case===== | ||
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=====Dative Case===== | =====Dative Case===== | ||
− | The '''dative case''' marks the indirect object of a verb. In | + | The '''dative case''' marks the indirect object of a verb. In Asuaneï, it also marks the agent in a passive sentence. |
+ | |||
+ | =====Instrumental case===== | ||
+ | The '''instrumental case''' indicates that a noun is the instrument or the means the subject uses to achieve a goal or accomplish an action. | ||
=====Accusative Case===== | =====Accusative Case===== | ||
− | The '''accusative case''' marks the direct object of a verb. | + | The '''accusative case''' has two functions; it marks the direct object of a verb, and it also marks motion towards a noun. |
+ | |||
+ | =====Locative case===== | ||
+ | The '''locative case''' indicates a location in or by something. | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Ablative case===== | ||
+ | The '''ablative case''' indicates motion away from a noun. | ||
− | ===== | + | =====Vocative case===== |
− | The ''' | + | The '''vocative case''' is used when adressing someone. |
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
− | + | There is a basic set of endings which are attached to the stem of a noun; however, nouns are separated into classes according to their terminal phoneme. Especially the vowel-classes have their own way of forming some cases, or special vowel merging rules. | |
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | | + | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Singular !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Dual !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Plural |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Nominative Case'' | |''Nominative Case'' | ||
| - | | - | ||
− | | - | + | | -ai |
− | | - | + | | -au |
|- | |- | ||
|''Genitive Case'' | |''Genitive Case'' | ||
− | | - | + | | -i |
− | | - | + | | -ī |
− | | - | + | | -ē |
|- | |- | ||
|''Dative Case'' | |''Dative Case'' | ||
− | | - | + | | -r |
− | | - | + | | -re |
− | | - | + | | -ra |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Instrumental Case'' | ||
+ | | -r | ||
+ | | -vū | ||
+ | | -vō | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Accusative Case'' | |''Accusative Case'' | ||
− | | - | + | | -a |
− | | - | + | | -ṇē |
− | | - | + | | -ṇā |
|- | |- | ||
− | |'' | + | |''Locative Case'' |
− | | - | + | | -k |
− | | - | + | | -ṭē |
− | | - | + | | -ṭā |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! colspan=4 | '' | + | |''Ablative Case'' |
+ | | -t | ||
+ | | -ṭē | ||
+ | | -ṭā | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Vocative Case'' | ||
+ | | -ō | ||
+ | | -aye | ||
+ | | -ava | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pronouns=== | ||
+ | Asuaneï formally has four personal pronouns which are in general declined like normal nouns. Thus, there are no special words for "my/your/his/her/its", instead the genitive form of the pronoun is used; however, many of these forms are exceptions to the normal rule as they partially derive from archaic declinations. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It should also be noted that the nominative form of a pronoun is usually absent and only used for emphasis. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" colspan=3 width=150 | I !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=50 colspan=1 | You !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 colspan=4 | He/She/It ''(present)'' !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 colspan=4 | He/She/It ''(absent)'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m/f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''n'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''n'' | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Nominative Case'' | |''Nominative Case'' | ||
− | | | + | | āmī |
− | | | + | | āmā |
− | | | + | | |
+ | | dumr | ||
+ | | cam | ||
+ | | cām | ||
+ | | cao | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | an | ||
+ | | ān | ||
+ | | ēo | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Genitive Case'' | |''Genitive Case'' | ||
− | | | + | | āmiṭ |
− | | | + | | āmaṭ |
− | | | + | | |
+ | | dumrṭ | ||
+ | | cant | ||
+ | | camat | ||
+ | | cavi | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | ant | ||
+ | | anat | ||
+ | | ēvi | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Dative Case'' | |''Dative Case'' | ||
− | | | + | | āmir |
− | | | + | | āmar |
− | | - | + | | |
+ | | dūmr | ||
+ | | camr | ||
+ | | cāmr | ||
+ | | caor | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | aṇr | ||
+ | | anar | ||
+ | | ēor | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Instrumental Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīr | ||
+ | | āmār | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | dumur | ||
+ | | camir | ||
+ | | camar | ||
+ | | caor | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | anir | ||
+ | | ānar | ||
+ | | ēor | ||
+ | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Accusative Case'' | |''Accusative Case'' | ||
− | | - | + | | āmmi |
− | | - | + | | āmma |
− | | - | + | | |
+ | | dūmu | ||
+ | | cama | ||
+ | | cāmā | ||
+ | | caon | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | ana | ||
+ | | ānā | ||
+ | | ēoṇ | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Locative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmik | ||
+ | | āmak | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | dumrk | ||
+ | | camk | ||
+ | | camak | ||
+ | | caok | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | aŋk | ||
+ | | anak | ||
+ | | ēok | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Ablative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmit | ||
+ | | āmat | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | dumrṭ | ||
+ | | cant | ||
+ | | camat | ||
+ | | caot | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | ant | ||
+ | | anat | ||
+ | | ēot | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Vocative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmū | ||
+ | | āmē | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | dumrāō | ||
+ | | camū | ||
+ | | cāmē | ||
+ | | cavō | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | anū | ||
+ | | ānē | ||
+ | | ēvō | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" colspan=3 width=150 | We (dual) !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=50 colspan=1 | You (dual) !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 colspan=4 | They ''(present)'' (dual) !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 colspan=4 | He/She/It ''(absent)'' (dual) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m/f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m/f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''n'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m/f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''f'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''n'' | ||
+ | | align=center | ''m/f'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Nominative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmyai | ||
+ | | āmāyi | ||
+ | | āmeyai | ||
+ | | dumrai | ||
+ | | camāi | ||
+ | | camā | ||
+ | | cavai | ||
+ | | camai | ||
+ | | anāi | ||
+ | | anā | ||
+ | | ēvai | ||
+ | | anai | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Genitive Case'' | ||
+ | | āmyei | ||
+ | | āmāī | ||
+ | | āmēṭī | ||
+ | | dumrī | ||
+ | | cameī | ||
+ | | camaī | ||
+ | | cavī | ||
+ | | camī | ||
+ | | aneī | ||
+ | | anaī | ||
+ | | ēvī | ||
+ | | anī | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Dative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmī | ||
+ | | āmīre | ||
+ | | āmāre | ||
+ | | dumre | ||
+ | | camire | ||
+ | | camare | ||
+ | | caore | ||
+ | | caṇre | ||
+ | | anire | ||
+ | | anare | ||
+ | | ēore | ||
+ | | aṇre | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Instrumental Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīvu | ||
+ | | āmāvu | ||
+ | | āmēvū | ||
+ | | dumrū | ||
+ | | camivū | ||
+ | | cāmavū | ||
+ | | caovū | ||
+ | | camvū | ||
+ | | anivū | ||
+ | | anavū | ||
+ | | ēovū | ||
+ | | anvū | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Accusative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīṇē | ||
+ | | āmāṇē | ||
+ | | āmēṇē | ||
+ | | dumrṇē | ||
+ | | camiṇē | ||
+ | | camaṇë | ||
+ | | caoṇē | ||
+ | | cāṇē | ||
+ | | aniṇē | ||
+ | | anaṇë | ||
+ | | ēoṇē | ||
+ | | āṇē | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Locative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīṭē | ||
+ | | āmāṭē | ||
+ | | āmēṭē | ||
+ | | dumrṭē | ||
+ | | camiṭē | ||
+ | | camaṭē | ||
+ | | caoṭē | ||
+ | | caṇṭē | ||
+ | | aniṭē | ||
+ | | anaṭē | ||
+ | | ēoṭē | ||
+ | | aṇṭē | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Ablative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīṭē | ||
+ | | āmāṭē | ||
+ | | āmēṭē | ||
+ | | dumrṭē | ||
+ | | camiṭē | ||
+ | | camaṭē | ||
+ | | caoṭē | ||
+ | | caṇṭē | ||
+ | | aniṭē | ||
+ | | anaṭē | ||
+ | | ēoṭē | ||
+ | | aṇṭē | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |''Vocative Case'' | ||
+ | | āmīyaye | ||
+ | | āmāiye | ||
+ | | āmēhaye | ||
+ | | dumraye | ||
+ | | camvī | ||
+ | | camau | ||
+ | | cavaye | ||
+ | | camaye | ||
+ | | anvī | ||
+ | | anau | ||
+ | | ēvaye | ||
+ | | anaye | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 356: | Line 600: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Antrium'' | |''Antrium'' | ||
− | | | + | |Āṇṭrum |
− | | | + | |āṇṭrūṇṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Baranxtu''<br>The Most Serene Republic of Baranxtu | |''Baranxtu''<br>The Most Serene Republic of Baranxtu | ||
− | | | + | |Bāraŋxēi<br>Furāṇē Mi-Maona Bāraŋxēi |
− | | | + | |bāraŋxēiṭ-<br> |
|- | |- | ||
|''Ceorana'' | |''Ceorana'' | ||
− | | | + | |Seorāṇa |
− | | | + | |seorāṇaṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Cikoutimi'' | |''Cikoutimi'' | ||
− | | | + | |Cikutīmi |
− | | | + | |cikutīmiṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Domnonia'' | |''Domnonia'' | ||
− | | | + | |Domnōñā |
− | | | + | |domnōñāṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Fonzoland'' | |''Fonzoland'' | ||
− | | | + | |Aik Fānzo |
− | | | + | |fānzoṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Groot Gouda'' | |''Groot Gouda'' | ||
− | | | + | |Grōṭ-Gauda |
− | | | + | |gaudaṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Grosseschnauzer'' | |''Grosseschnauzer'' | ||
− | | | + | |Grōṣeṣṇauṭṣr |
− | | | + | |ṣṇauṭṣrṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Jonquiere-Tadoussac'' | |''Jonquiere-Tadoussac'' | ||
− | | | + | |ẓōŋkr-Tadusak |
− | | | + | |ẓōntaḍ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Keeslandia'' | |''Keeslandia'' | ||
− | | | + | |Aik Kīs |
− | | | + | |kīṣṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Malabra'' | |''Malabra'' | ||
− | | | + | |Marābra |
− | | | + | |marābraṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Mikitivity'' | |''Mikitivity'' | ||
− | | | + | |Maikitīviti |
− | | | + | |maikitīviṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Sober Thought'' | |''Sober Thought'' | ||
− | | | + | |Sōbr Þōt |
− | | | + | |sōbrṭ- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Xtraordinary Gentlemen'' | |''Xtraordinary Gentlemen'' | ||
− | | | + | |Sōuktān Ikṣṭrahōrḍiṇāri |
− | + | |ikṣṭrahōrḍiṇāriṭ- | |
− | |- | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 423: | Line 663: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Alvésin'' | |''Alvésin'' | ||
− | | | + | |Arvēsin |
− | | | + | |arvēsinī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Asuaneï'' | |''Asuaneï'' | ||
− | | | + | |Asvānēica |
− | | | + | |asvānēicaī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Baranxeï'' | |''Baranxeï'' | ||
− | | | + | |Bāraŋxēica |
− | | | + | |bāraŋxēicaī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Chicoutim'' | |''Chicoutim'' | ||
− | | | + | |Cikutīmica |
− | | | + | |cikutīmicaī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Dutch'' | |''Dutch'' | ||
− | | | + | |Nēherlāns |
− | | | + | |nēherlānsī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''English'' | |''English'' | ||
− | | | + | |Iŋliṣ |
− | | | + | |iŋliṣī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''French'' | |''French'' | ||
− | | | + | |Frānsē |
− | | | + | |frānsēī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''German'' | |''German'' | ||
− | | | + | |Doica |
− | | | + | |doicaī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Nidajii'' | |''Nidajii'' | ||
− | | | + | |Vāraṇaca |
− | | | + | |vāraṇacaī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Qi'' | |''Qi'' | ||
− | | | + | |Kīr |
− | | | + | |kīrī- |
|- | |- | ||
|''Spanish'' | |''Spanish'' | ||
− | | | + | |Kastejāno |
− | | | + | |Kastejānoī- |
|} | |} | ||
− | + | <br> | |
+ | {{BaranxtuLanguages}} | ||
{{Languages}} | {{Languages}} | ||
− | [[Category:Baranxtu]] | + | [[Category:Languages of Baranxtu]] |
Latest revision as of 13:23, 14 August 2007
Asuaneï Asvānēica | |
---|---|
Spoken in: | Baranxtu, and other countries |
Region: | International Democratic Union |
Speakers: | 65,840,000 (est) |
Genetic classification: | Meleiyan Syko-Roekian |
Official status | |
Official language in: | Baranxtu |
Regulated by: | Board of the Language Asuaneï in the Most Serene Republic |
Asuaneï (or Asvānēica) is a major language in Baranxtu and is a sister language of the predominant Baranxeï, to the point of being partially mutually intelligible.
In contrast to Baranxeï, Asuaneï is much more conservative in that it retains many grammatical distinctions from its predecessor than Baranxeï does.
History
Status
Phonology
Phonetic Inventory
Consonants
Standard Asuaneï has 27 phonemic consonants. It distinguishes voiced and unvoiced consonants, just like its sister language Asuaneï. Whereas it has lost all uvular and glottal phonemes, it retained the retroflex series from their common ancestor, and part of the palatal series (the palatal fricatives, however, changed to s and z).
bilabial | dental | alveolar | retroflex | alveolo-palatal | velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b |
t d |
t' d' |
k g | ||
Affricate | ts\ dz\ |
|||||
Fricative | p\ |
T D |
s z |
s' z' |
x G | |
Nasal | m | n | n' | J | N | |
Approximant | w | r\` | j |
Vowels
Standard Asuaneï regonizes 10 phonemic vowels; these are five length-distinguished pairs (i and i:, E and E:, u and u:, o and o:, a and a:). Schwa and the rounded versions of i, E and a are only allophones of the others.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i y |
u | |
Close-mid | o | ||
Mid | y | ||
Open-mid | E 9 |
||
Open | A Q |
Alphabet
Orthography
There are two concurrant orthographical systems, simply called the Traditional Orthography and the Modern Orthography (introduced in 1992).
The differences between the two are rather minor; mainly, the Traditional Orthography is oriented more closely to the standard pronunciation (including external sandhi), whereas Modern Orthography places a stronger emphasis on the roots of the words (but still shows internal sandhi).
This largely only affects words ending in a vowel other than a/ā, which change to y (e/ē and i/ī) or v (o/ō and u/ū) when preceding a word with an initial vowel. This change is expressed in writing by those using Traditional Orthography.
Romanization
The Romanization of Asuaneï is a letter-by-letter substitution of the Asuaneï Alphabet; therefore the system can easily be put in the same tables as those for the phonetic inventory.
bilabial | dental | alveolar | retroflex | alveolo-palatal | velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b |
t d |
ṭ ḍ |
k g | ||
Affricate | c j |
|||||
Fricative | f | þ ð |
s z |
ṣ ẓ |
x ğ | |
Nasal | m | n | ṇ | ñ | ŋ | |
Approximant | v | r | y |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ī | u ū | |
Close-mid | o ō | ||
Mid | |||
Open-mid | e ē | ||
Open | a ā |
Morphology
Nouns
Cases
Nominative Case
The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.
Genitive Case
The genitive case shows a relationship that may be thought of as one thing belonging to, being created from, or otherwise deriving from some other thing. It usually directly follows the noun it refers to.
Dative Case
The dative case marks the indirect object of a verb. In Asuaneï, it also marks the agent in a passive sentence.
Instrumental case
The instrumental case indicates that a noun is the instrument or the means the subject uses to achieve a goal or accomplish an action.
Accusative Case
The accusative case has two functions; it marks the direct object of a verb, and it also marks motion towards a noun.
Locative case
The locative case indicates a location in or by something.
Ablative case
The ablative case indicates motion away from a noun.
Vocative case
The vocative case is used when adressing someone.
Declension
There is a basic set of endings which are attached to the stem of a noun; however, nouns are separated into classes according to their terminal phoneme. Especially the vowel-classes have their own way of forming some cases, or special vowel merging rules.
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative Case | - | -ai | -au |
Genitive Case | -i | -ī | -ē |
Dative Case | -r | -re | -ra |
Instrumental Case | -r | -vū | -vō |
Accusative Case | -a | -ṇē | -ṇā |
Locative Case | -k | -ṭē | -ṭā |
Ablative Case | -t | -ṭē | -ṭā |
Vocative Case | -ō | -aye | -ava |
Pronouns
Asuaneï formally has four personal pronouns which are in general declined like normal nouns. Thus, there are no special words for "my/your/his/her/its", instead the genitive form of the pronoun is used; however, many of these forms are exceptions to the normal rule as they partially derive from archaic declinations.
It should also be noted that the nominative form of a pronoun is usually absent and only used for emphasis.
Case | I | You | He/She/It (present) | He/She/It (absent) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | f | m/f | m | f | n | m | f | n | ||||
Nominative Case | āmī | āmā | dumr | cam | cām | cao | an | ān | ēo | |||
Genitive Case | āmiṭ | āmaṭ | dumrṭ | cant | camat | cavi | ant | anat | ēvi | |||
Dative Case | āmir | āmar | dūmr | camr | cāmr | caor | aṇr | anar | ēor | |||
Instrumental Case | āmīr | āmār | dumur | camir | camar | caor | anir | ānar | ēor | |||
Accusative Case | āmmi | āmma | dūmu | cama | cāmā | caon | ana | ānā | ēoṇ | |||
Locative Case | āmik | āmak | dumrk | camk | camak | caok | aŋk | anak | ēok | |||
Ablative Case | āmit | āmat | dumrṭ | cant | camat | caot | ant | anat | ēot | |||
Vocative Case | āmū | āmē | dumrāō | camū | cāmē | cavō | anū | ānē | ēvō | |||
Case | We (dual) | You (dual) | They (present) (dual) | He/She/It (absent) (dual) | ||||||||
m | f | m/f | m/f | m | f | n | m/f | m | f | n | m/f | |
Nominative Case | āmyai | āmāyi | āmeyai | dumrai | camāi | camā | cavai | camai | anāi | anā | ēvai | anai |
Genitive Case | āmyei | āmāī | āmēṭī | dumrī | cameī | camaī | cavī | camī | aneī | anaī | ēvī | anī |
Dative Case | āmī | āmīre | āmāre | dumre | camire | camare | caore | caṇre | anire | anare | ēore | aṇre |
Instrumental Case | āmīvu | āmāvu | āmēvū | dumrū | camivū | cāmavū | caovū | camvū | anivū | anavū | ēovū | anvū |
Accusative Case | āmīṇē | āmāṇē | āmēṇē | dumrṇē | camiṇē | camaṇë | caoṇē | cāṇē | aniṇē | anaṇë | ēoṇē | āṇē |
Locative Case | āmīṭē | āmāṭē | āmēṭē | dumrṭē | camiṭē | camaṭē | caoṭē | caṇṭē | aniṭē | anaṭē | ēoṭē | aṇṭē |
Ablative Case | āmīṭē | āmāṭē | āmēṭē | dumrṭē | camiṭē | camaṭē | caoṭē | caṇṭē | aniṭē | anaṭē | ēoṭē | aṇṭē |
Vocative Case | āmīyaye | āmāiye | āmēhaye | dumraye | camvī | camau | cavaye | camaye | anvī | anau | ēvaye | anaye |
Syntax
Dialects
Vocabulary
IDU Country Names
English | Asuaneï Counry Name | Asuaneï Adjective |
---|---|---|
Antrium | Āṇṭrum | āṇṭrūṇṭ- |
Baranxtu The Most Serene Republic of Baranxtu |
Bāraŋxēi Furāṇē Mi-Maona Bāraŋxēi |
bāraŋxēiṭ- |
Ceorana | Seorāṇa | seorāṇaṭ- |
Cikoutimi | Cikutīmi | cikutīmiṭ- |
Domnonia | Domnōñā | domnōñāṭ- |
Fonzoland | Aik Fānzo | fānzoṭ- |
Groot Gouda | Grōṭ-Gauda | gaudaṭ- |
Grosseschnauzer | Grōṣeṣṇauṭṣr | ṣṇauṭṣrṭ- |
Jonquiere-Tadoussac | ẓōŋkr-Tadusak | ẓōntaḍ- |
Keeslandia | Aik Kīs | kīṣṭ- |
Malabra | Marābra | marābraṭ- |
Mikitivity | Maikitīviti | maikitīviṭ- |
Sober Thought | Sōbr Þōt | sōbrṭ- |
Xtraordinary Gentlemen | Sōuktān Ikṣṭrahōrḍiṇāri | ikṣṭrahōrḍiṇāriṭ- |
Language Names
English | Asuaneï Name | Asuaneï Adjective |
---|---|---|
Alvésin | Arvēsin | arvēsinī- |
Asuaneï | Asvānēica | asvānēicaī- |
Baranxeï | Bāraŋxēica | bāraŋxēicaī- |
Chicoutim | Cikutīmica | cikutīmicaī- |
Dutch | Nēherlāns | nēherlānsī- |
English | Iŋliṣ | iŋliṣī- |
French | Frānsē | frānsēī- |
German | Doica | doicaī- |
Nidajii | Vāraṇaca | vāraṇacaī- |
Qi | Kīr | kīrī- |
Spanish | Kastejāno | Kastejānoī- |
Languages of Baranxtu | ||
---|---|---|
Official Languages: | ||
Asuaneï | Baranxeï | Baranxtuan Sign Language | English | French | Nidajii | ||
Other Languages: | ||
Baranxtuan French | Chicoutim | Masenar | Phipul | Qi |