Difference between revisions of "Sumerian"

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{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan="2" bgcolor=grey | <big><font color=white>Sumerian<br>
+
! colspan="2" bgcolor=grey | <big><font color=black>Sumerian<br>
 
''Emegir''</font></big>
 
''Emegir''</font></big>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Spoken in:
 
| Spoken in:
−
| [[Sumer]], Small groups of speakers in 12 to 15 countries.
+
| [[Sumer]], [[The Macabees]], Small groups of speakers in 12 to 15 countries.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Total declared fluent or learning speakers:
 
| Total declared fluent or learning speakers:
−
| 2,002,030,780 (Estimate)
+
| 2,040,643,790 (Estimate)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Genetic classification:
 
| Genetic classification:
Line 18: Line 20:
 
| Regulated by:
 
| Regulated by:
 
| ''Kalam Sajar Emegir'' National Counsel on the Sumerian Language
 
| ''Kalam Sajar Emegir'' National Counsel on the Sumerian Language
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="2" bgcolor=grey | <font color=black>Language Community</font>
 +
|-
 +
| Sumer:
 +
| 2,009,150,000 (Last count)
 +
|-
 +
| The Macabees:
 +
| 17,530,000 (Estimate)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
Sumerian (''Emegir'') is the language spoken by the People of Sumer. Sumerian has the distinction of being the first language to use writing, dating back in written form to approxemetly 3100 BCE or earlier. Modern Standard Sumerian, the oficial language of the Dictorial Republic of Sumer, is spoken almost exclusivly by the population within the borders of Sumer, however an increasing number of international speakers have begun to show up.
 +
Sumerian as a language is an isolate, meaning it has no known genetic relative currently or previously existing.
 +
The vast body of Sumerian words and morphemes has been largly natural to the language, meaning many of the words were devloped by native speakers over the languages thousands of years of use. However in some cases adaptations and borrowings have come over from Taino (As in the case of ''ita'' for "Don't know") and from Arabic (The adoption of the definite article ''al'').
 +
Although less common within the NationStates world, Sumerian is spoken by a signifigant population within Sumer itself, with a substansial base of speakers being built up within [[The Macabees]].
  
−
==Phonetic and Morphological Features==
+
=History=
 +
==Beginnings==
 +
==Evolution==
 +
==Contemporary Usage==
 +
==Regulation==
  
 +
=Phonetics=
 
Spoken Sumerian is a very simple language in initial structure and pronounciation. This section will give a basic overview of Sumerian sounds and the formation of simple words. Knowledge of the International Phonetic Alphabet will be useful in learning the sounds.
 
Spoken Sumerian is a very simple language in initial structure and pronounciation. This section will give a basic overview of Sumerian sounds and the formation of simple words. Knowledge of the International Phonetic Alphabet will be useful in learning the sounds.
  
−
===Consonants===
+
==Consonants==
 
Sumerian comprises of fourteen phonemic consonants:
 
Sumerian comprises of fourteen phonemic consonants:
 
* /b/ Initial consonant sound in 'bike' (Voiced Bilabial Plosive)
 
* /b/ Initial consonant sound in 'bike' (Voiced Bilabial Plosive)
Line 43: Line 62:
 
* /x/ Final consonant sound in Scottish 'Loch' (Voiceless Uvular Plosive)
 
* /x/ Final consonant sound in Scottish 'Loch' (Voiceless Uvular Plosive)
  
−
===Vowels===
+
==Vowels==
 
Sumerian has only four phonemic vowels, with plenty of allophonic variation (see below) between speakers.
 
Sumerian has only four phonemic vowels, with plenty of allophonic variation (see below) between speakers.
 
* /i/ As in 'hip' (Close Front Lax Unrounded)
 
* /i/ As in 'hip' (Close Front Lax Unrounded)
Line 50: Line 69:
 
* /a/ As in 'father' (Open-mid back unrounded)
 
* /a/ As in 'father' (Open-mid back unrounded)
  
−
===Allophonic Variation===
+
==Allophonics==
−
Allophonic variation in spoken Sumerian is tied exclusivly to the production of vowel sounds. The seperate allophonic variants are all considered the same distinct sound in the spoken language and are treated equal to that base phoneme that they replace. Variation exists solely within the individual speaker and is not strongly tied to regional or social differences.
+
Allophonic variation in spoken Sumerian is tied exclusivly to the production of vowel sounds. The seperate allophonic variants are all considered the same distinct sound in the spoken language and are treated equal to that base phoneme that they replace. Variation exists primarily within the individual speaker and is not strongly tied to regional or social differences.
 
The fllowing chart can help distinguish allophonic variations:
 
The fllowing chart can help distinguish allophonic variations:
 
* /e/ is considered allophonic with all Close-mid Front and Central vowels, rounded or unrounded, as well as the central vowel (schwa).
 
* /e/ is considered allophonic with all Close-mid Front and Central vowels, rounded or unrounded, as well as the central vowel (schwa).
Line 57: Line 76:
 
* /a/ is allophonic with all Open and Open-mid vowels.  
 
* /a/ is allophonic with all Open and Open-mid vowels.  
  
−
===Syllabic Structure and Word Formation===
+
=Morphology=
−
Sumerian words are formed by stringing together smaller words and morphemes into larger units. The size of the unit is generally limited to three-five morphemes/syllables in conjunction before it is considered a Complex, or Compound word.
+
In spoken Sumerian words are formed by the combination of several morphemes into a word-phrase. The word-phrase in Sumerian is the basis of sentence structure and is thus equated as a word in refrence to other languages or contemporary linguistic descriptions.  
  
 +
What one may notice quickly is that Sumerian words are spawned from a simple root, and then inflected as required to give the appropriate meaning before being placed within a sentence. Sumerian word roots act as verbal, nominal, and adjectival roots derived from the same basic morpheme. Determining the form which the root has taken is done through the inflection order and process of the specific word class.
 +
 +
==Morpheme Structure==
 
Simple morphological structures in Sumerian are listed using Consonant (C), and Vowel (V):
 
Simple morphological structures in Sumerian are listed using Consonant (C), and Vowel (V):
 
* V
 
* V
Line 66: Line 88:
 
* VCV
 
* VCV
 
* CVC
 
* CVC
−
* CVCV
+
* CVCVC
 +
 
 +
==Nouns==
 +
Sumerian nouns, as stated above, are derived from word roots. Sumerian nouns are created through the addition of various suffixed inflections of case, number, and gender.
 +
 
 +
Typical Sumerian noun-phrase structure is as follows:
 +
Root-Gender-Number-Case
  
−
In the production of a compount word where the intial word ends in a vowel and the final word begins in a word one of two approaches is taken according to the vowels used.
+
Case inflections being ordered as follows:
−
# If the vowels are the same (Including allophones) then the vowel becomes lengthened in pronounciation.
+
Core:Ablative:Comitative:Dative:Locative:Locative-Terminative:Terminative:Equative:Genetive
−
# If the vowels are different (and not allophones) then they are combined to form a dipthong.
+
  
−
==Semantical features and Lexograph==
+
Gender is added to a noun through the use of the word for either man ''nitax'', and woman ''munus'', suffixed to the noun root to give the gender of the specific noun. However, gender is not obligational and is normally only included for specificity. The lack of gender within the noun keeps the noun in the genderless form.
  
−
===Nouns===
+
Number in Sumerian expresses only the singular and the plural. Pluralised nouns are specified by the suffix '''-ene''', while singular nouns are left without this suffix.
  
−
in sumerian nouns are typically simple words constructed from one or two syllabic structures for basic meanings. More advanced nouns may then be built upon base nouns by the creation of compound nouns (the combining of two nouns into one), or the addition of an affix to create the desired meaning. Affixisation accounts for most of the nominal modifications in Sumerian and is accounted for in the listing of Affixes below.
+
Case is one of the defining features of Sumerian, refrencing the noun-phrase to the verb-phrase within a sentence to provide meaning agreement within the sentence.
 +
* The Core Case inflection of the Ergative ''e'' is applied to the noun phrase when it occupies the Agent (Or Subject) place within a sentence only. The lack of the Ergative inflection indicates that the noun phrase is occupying the Patient (Or Object) postsion within a sentence.
 +
* The Ablative inflection relates the nouns within a sentence, equivilant to English ''from'' and ''by''.
 +
* The Comitative inflection relates nouns within a sentence together, equivilant to English ''with''.
 +
* The Dative inflection distinguishes the recipient of something, equivilant to English ''to'' or ''for''.
 +
* The Locative inflection indicates that the subject is within the object, equivilant to English ''in''.
 +
* The Locative-Terminative inflection indicates subject proximity to the object, equivilant to
 +
English ''by'' and ''at''.
 +
* The Terminative inflection indicates subject direction (Possibly of movement) towards the object, equivilant to English ''to'' and ''toward''.
 +
* The Equative inflection indicates equation between subject and object, equivilant to English ''like''.
 +
* The Genitive inflection indicates posession, equivilant to English ''of''.
  
−
====Personal Pronouns====
+
It must be included that case inflection is specific to where the noun sits within a sentence. A noun in the Subject postsion has the Ergative inflection, with the Comitative, Dative, Locative-Terminative, Terminative, Equative, and Genetive inflections optional as required for the sentence. Where a noun in the Object postsion may be inflected by the Ablative and Locative inflections, as required for meaning.
−
* je - I, myself.
+
−
* ju - my, mine.
+
  
−
===Verbs===
+
The following is the list of Case Inflections:
 +
*Core -- ''/e/''
 +
*Ablative -- ''/ta/'' - Or ''/t/'' after a vowel.
 +
*Comitative -- ''/da/'' - Or ''/d/'' after a vowel.
 +
*Dative -- ''/ra/'' - Or ''/r/'' after a vowel.
 +
*Locative -- ''/a/''
 +
*Locative-Terminative -- ''/e/''
 +
*Terminative -- ''/she/''
 +
*Equative -- ''/gin/''
 +
*Genetive -- ''/ak/'' - Or ''/k/'' after a vowel.
  
−
Verbs, like Nouns, are typically simple one or two syllable units known as a base verb. These simple base verbs, denoting simple concepts and actions, can then be combined with other verbs or with a noun to create a more complex verb form.  
+
Abstract nouns are created by prefixing ''nam-'' to a word root. An example is the term ''Kalam'', which is Sumer, the modification into ''Namkalam'' means Sumerian.
  
−
Numerian verbs often have multiple meanings attributed to a single phonetic value, therefore it is nessecary to pay careful attention to the  
+
The formation of a concrete noun is accomplished by prefixing ''nig-'' to a Verbal root in the infinitive form.
  
−
====Base Verb Forms:====
+
===Pronouns===
−
| width="33%"|
+
Pronouns in the singular form in Sumerian are indicated within the verb-phrase in the singular form. Because of this they will be described with the Verbs later on. However there are exceptions to the Verb-Inclusion rule, which will be noted below.
−
*
+
  
−
===Important Affixes===
+
====Posessive====
−
Here are stated a number of important Suffixes and their usage in Sumerian.  
+
Posessive Pronouns are attached to the end of any Noun-Phrase as required to indicate posession of the whole Noun Phrase. Pluralisation is indicated by the addition of the plural noun affix to the Posessive affix. The Posessive Pronouns are listed here:
 +
* ''-ju'' - "my" - First Person
 +
* ''-zu'' - "your" - Second Person
 +
* ''-ani'' - "his"/"her" - Third Person Animate
 +
* ''-bi'' - "its" - Third Person Inanimate
  
−
====Suffixes:====
+
====Independant====
−
* "-a": Nominalising suffix.
+
Independant Pronouns are not very common in Spoken Sumerian except when used for contrast or to apply emphesis. These pronouns have no seperate plural form, as well as no gender form.
−
* "-am": Suffix attacked to a Noun to act as the verb 'to be'.
+
The Independant Pronouns are listed below"
−
* "-a": Suffix attached to a Prepositsion to denote movement towards or infavour of the following Subject-Noun.
+
* ''jae'' - "I"/"We" - First person
−
* "-a": Definite Article suffix for Nouns or Noun Clauses, denoting 'the'.
+
* ''zae'' - "You" - Second Person
−
* "-eg": Prepositional suffix indicating direction, 'in', 'toward'.
+
* ''ene'' - "He"/"She" - Third Person Animate
−
* "-ak": Genetive suffix, 'of'.
+
* ''ur'' - "It" - Third Person Inanimate
−
* "-ba": Posessive suffix.
+
−
* "-bi": Inanimate posessive suffix, 'its'.
+
−
* "-bi": Demonstrative Suffix, 'this', 'that'.
+
−
* "-da": Prepositional suffix, 'with', 'and'.
+
−
* "-de": Present-Participle suffix, '-ing'. Connotes Future sense.
+
−
* "-me": Posessive suffix, 'our'.
+
−
* "-ra": Dative suffix, 'for'.
+
−
* "-zu": Posessive suffix, 'your'.
+
−
* "-eshe": Adverbial suffix, 'much'.
+
−
* "-gim": Prepositional equative suffix, 'like', 'instead of', 'just as', 'during'
+
−
* "-jishen": Suffix denoting non-realistic.
+
−
* "-meesh": Plural suffix.
+
  
−
====Prefixes:====
+
Independant Pronouns, when used, may be placed in the postsion of Subject. When in the Subject postsion all applicable Case inflections apply.
  
−
* "al-": Verbal prefix before stative verbs. Indicated either distance, disenvolvement of the speaker, or lack or transitivity.
+
===Nominal Lexicon===
−
* "ba-": Conjugation prefix for inanimate or intransitive subject.
+
−
* "ga-": Conjugation prefix, 'also', 'and then'.
+
−
* "xa-": Affirmative verbal prefix, 'may', 'let', 'indeed'.
+
−
* "mu-": Conjection prefix denoting involvement of speaker.
+
−
* "na-": Past tense prefix.
+
−
* "nu-": Pronominal prefix for compound nouns describing a person.
+
−
* "nij-": Concrete Noun forming prefix.
+
−
* "nam-": Abstract or collective noun forming prefix.
+
  
−
====Infixes:====
+
==Demonstratives==
 +
==Numbers and Numeration==
  
−
* "-bi-": Accusative infix.
+
==Verbs==
  
−
===Stress:===
+
=Grammar=
 +
==Word Order==
  
−
Spoken Sumerian stress is placed on the secondary morpheme within a compound word, and upon the initial syllable in proper nouns. In this process the word 'emegir', the name for the language to it's speakers, is pronounced with stress on 'gir'.
+
=Writing and Orthograpgy=
−
With proper nouns, however, the placed on the initial syllable, or the vowel and final conconant of the initial syllable to be precise. In this way personal names can be distinguished from regular nouns. When using the word 'emegir' as a personal name the stress would lie on 'me'.
+
==Scripts==
 +
===Logographic===
 +
====Traditional====
 +
====Modern====
 +
===Alphabetic===
 +
====Traditional====
 +
====Roman====
  
  
  
−
[[category:Languages]][[Category:Sumer]]
+
{{languages}}
 +
[[Category:Languages]]
 +
[[Category:Sumer]]

Latest revision as of 09:11, 13 October 2007

This article deals with Sumerian as it relates to NationStates. For more general information, see the Wikipedia article on this subject.

Sumerian

Emegir

Spoken in: Sumer, The Macabees, Small groups of speakers in 12 to 15 countries.
Total declared fluent or learning speakers: 2,040,643,790 (Estimate)
Genetic classification: Language Isolate: No known relations.
Official language of: Sumer
Regulated by: Kalam Sajar Emegir National Counsel on the Sumerian Language
Language Community
Sumer: 2,009,150,000 (Last count)
The Macabees: 17,530,000 (Estimate)

Sumerian (Emegir) is the language spoken by the People of Sumer. Sumerian has the distinction of being the first language to use writing, dating back in written form to approxemetly 3100 BCE or earlier. Modern Standard Sumerian, the oficial language of the Dictorial Republic of Sumer, is spoken almost exclusivly by the population within the borders of Sumer, however an increasing number of international speakers have begun to show up. Sumerian as a language is an isolate, meaning it has no known genetic relative currently or previously existing. The vast body of Sumerian words and morphemes has been largly natural to the language, meaning many of the words were devloped by native speakers over the languages thousands of years of use. However in some cases adaptations and borrowings have come over from Taino (As in the case of ita for "Don't know") and from Arabic (The adoption of the definite article al). Although less common within the NationStates world, Sumerian is spoken by a signifigant population within Sumer itself, with a substansial base of speakers being built up within The Macabees.

History

Beginnings

Evolution

Contemporary Usage

Regulation

Phonetics

Spoken Sumerian is a very simple language in initial structure and pronounciation. This section will give a basic overview of Sumerian sounds and the formation of simple words. Knowledge of the International Phonetic Alphabet will be useful in learning the sounds.

Consonants

Sumerian comprises of fourteen phonemic consonants:

  • /b/ Initial consonant sound in 'bike' (Voiced Bilabial Plosive)
  • /m/ Initial consonant sound in 'map' (Boiced Bilabial Nasal)
  • /d/ Initial consonant sound in 'dam' (Voiced Alveolar Plosive)
  • /t/ Initial consonant sound in 'tank' (Voiceless Alveolar Plosive)
  • /s/ Initial consonant sound in 'stick' (Voiceless Alveolar Fricative)
  • /z/ Initial consonant sound in 'zoo' (Voiced Alveolar Fricative)
  • /sh/ Final consonant sound in 'dash' (Voiceless Postalveolar Fricative)
  • /j/ Final consonant sound in 'sing' (Voiced Palatal Nasal)
  • /r/ Final consonant sound in 'car' (Voiced Alveolar Approximant)
  • /l/ Initial consonant sound in 'light' (Voiced Alveolar Latteral Approximate)
  • /n/ Initial/Final consonant sound in "noun" (Voiced Alveolar Nasal)
  • /k/ Initial consonant sound in 'cat' (Voiceless Velar Plosive)
  • /g/ Initial consonant sound in 'gun' (Voiced Velar Plosive)
  • /x/ Final consonant sound in Scottish 'Loch' (Voiceless Uvular Plosive)

Vowels

Sumerian has only four phonemic vowels, with plenty of allophonic variation (see below) between speakers.

  • /i/ As in 'hip' (Close Front Lax Unrounded)
  • /e/ As in 'peg' (Close-mid front Unrounded)
  • /u/ As in 'pull' (Close back lax)
  • /a/ As in 'father' (Open-mid back unrounded)

Allophonics

Allophonic variation in spoken Sumerian is tied exclusivly to the production of vowel sounds. The seperate allophonic variants are all considered the same distinct sound in the spoken language and are treated equal to that base phoneme that they replace. Variation exists primarily within the individual speaker and is not strongly tied to regional or social differences. The fllowing chart can help distinguish allophonic variations:

  • /e/ is considered allophonic with all Close-mid Front and Central vowels, rounded or unrounded, as well as the central vowel (schwa).
  • /u/ is allophonic with the Close-mid back rounded vowel.
  • /a/ is allophonic with all Open and Open-mid vowels.

Morphology

In spoken Sumerian words are formed by the combination of several morphemes into a word-phrase. The word-phrase in Sumerian is the basis of sentence structure and is thus equated as a word in refrence to other languages or contemporary linguistic descriptions.

What one may notice quickly is that Sumerian words are spawned from a simple root, and then inflected as required to give the appropriate meaning before being placed within a sentence. Sumerian word roots act as verbal, nominal, and adjectival roots derived from the same basic morpheme. Determining the form which the root has taken is done through the inflection order and process of the specific word class.

Morpheme Structure

Simple morphological structures in Sumerian are listed using Consonant (C), and Vowel (V):

  • V
  • VC
  • CV
  • VCV
  • CVC
  • CVCVC

Nouns

Sumerian nouns, as stated above, are derived from word roots. Sumerian nouns are created through the addition of various suffixed inflections of case, number, and gender.

Typical Sumerian noun-phrase structure is as follows: Root-Gender-Number-Case

Case inflections being ordered as follows: Core:Ablative:Comitative:Dative:Locative:Locative-Terminative:Terminative:Equative:Genetive

Gender is added to a noun through the use of the word for either man nitax, and woman munus, suffixed to the noun root to give the gender of the specific noun. However, gender is not obligational and is normally only included for specificity. The lack of gender within the noun keeps the noun in the genderless form.

Number in Sumerian expresses only the singular and the plural. Pluralised nouns are specified by the suffix -ene, while singular nouns are left without this suffix.

Case is one of the defining features of Sumerian, refrencing the noun-phrase to the verb-phrase within a sentence to provide meaning agreement within the sentence.

  • The Core Case inflection of the Ergative e is applied to the noun phrase when it occupies the Agent (Or Subject) place within a sentence only. The lack of the Ergative inflection indicates that the noun phrase is occupying the Patient (Or Object) postsion within a sentence.
  • The Ablative inflection relates the nouns within a sentence, equivilant to English from and by.
  • The Comitative inflection relates nouns within a sentence together, equivilant to English with.
  • The Dative inflection distinguishes the recipient of something, equivilant to English to or for.
  • The Locative inflection indicates that the subject is within the object, equivilant to English in.
  • The Locative-Terminative inflection indicates subject proximity to the object, equivilant to

English by and at.

  • The Terminative inflection indicates subject direction (Possibly of movement) towards the object, equivilant to English to and toward.
  • The Equative inflection indicates equation between subject and object, equivilant to English like.
  • The Genitive inflection indicates posession, equivilant to English of.

It must be included that case inflection is specific to where the noun sits within a sentence. A noun in the Subject postsion has the Ergative inflection, with the Comitative, Dative, Locative-Terminative, Terminative, Equative, and Genetive inflections optional as required for the sentence. Where a noun in the Object postsion may be inflected by the Ablative and Locative inflections, as required for meaning.

The following is the list of Case Inflections:

  • Core -- /e/
  • Ablative -- /ta/ - Or /t/ after a vowel.
  • Comitative -- /da/ - Or /d/ after a vowel.
  • Dative -- /ra/ - Or /r/ after a vowel.
  • Locative -- /a/
  • Locative-Terminative -- /e/
  • Terminative -- /she/
  • Equative -- /gin/
  • Genetive -- /ak/ - Or /k/ after a vowel.

Abstract nouns are created by prefixing nam- to a word root. An example is the term Kalam, which is Sumer, the modification into Namkalam means Sumerian.

The formation of a concrete noun is accomplished by prefixing nig- to a Verbal root in the infinitive form.

Pronouns

Pronouns in the singular form in Sumerian are indicated within the verb-phrase in the singular form. Because of this they will be described with the Verbs later on. However there are exceptions to the Verb-Inclusion rule, which will be noted below.

Posessive

Posessive Pronouns are attached to the end of any Noun-Phrase as required to indicate posession of the whole Noun Phrase. Pluralisation is indicated by the addition of the plural noun affix to the Posessive affix. The Posessive Pronouns are listed here:

  • -ju - "my" - First Person
  • -zu - "your" - Second Person
  • -ani - "his"/"her" - Third Person Animate
  • -bi - "its" - Third Person Inanimate

Independant

Independant Pronouns are not very common in Spoken Sumerian except when used for contrast or to apply emphesis. These pronouns have no seperate plural form, as well as no gender form. The Independant Pronouns are listed below"

  • jae - "I"/"We" - First person
  • zae - "You" - Second Person
  • ene - "He"/"She" - Third Person Animate
  • ur - "It" - Third Person Inanimate

Independant Pronouns, when used, may be placed in the postsion of Subject. When in the Subject postsion all applicable Case inflections apply.

Nominal Lexicon

Demonstratives

Numbers and Numeration

Verbs

Grammar

Word Order

Writing and Orthograpgy

Scripts

Logographic

Traditional

Modern

Alphabetic

Traditional

Roman


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