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Baranxeï Baranxeï
Spoken in:	Baranxtu, Cikoutimi, Otea, and other countries
Region:	International Democratic Union
Speakers:	252,360,000 (est)
Genetic classification:	Meleiyan Syko-Roekian Ilatemaian West Ilatemaian March Ilatemaian Northern March Baranxeï
Official status
Official language in:	Baranxtu, Cikoutimi, Otea, Jonquiere-Tadoussac
Regulated by:	Board of the Language Baranxeï in the Most Serene Republic

Baranxeï is spoken by a vast number of people in many countries, most of which are currently not represented in NationStates. It is not related to any of the other languages of NationStates, but is the member of the most prominent Sumyaian languages on its home continent Ašmeina (Baranxeï: Ašmina), second in its number of speakers only to Manyala- the Manyaian language.

History

From Sumyaian till Ilatemaian

Baranxeï belongs to the Sumyaian (Bar. Sumjaï) languages; the Sumyaians were a tribe living in the vast plains east of the Ilateme Lake. At the time they lived, a script had yet to be developed, and all we know about them stems from archeological research. The Sumyaians were named for the cave Sumi in what is today the outer edge of the country Atamia.

At around 5,000 BCE, the tribe split into three groups. One group travelled south and finally settled along the southern coast of the continent Ašmeina; they were the early Sijaians and their language became Sijai (Bar. Sižaï). A second group went to the even larger plains in the far east, where they became the nomadic tribes which spoke the ancestor of the Yayaian languages (Bar. Jajamismaï). The third one stayed in their original region. The dialect of Sumyaian they spoke first developed into Proto-Meleiyan (Bar. Mēlējiaï). The language is named after the cultures which are the descendants of this first group, which are classified together as Meleiyan cultures, named in turn after the central goddess in their religion, Meleiya (Bar. Mēlēa).

However, in about 1,500 BCE, they started to expand their territory. One relatively large groups seems to have migrated in relatively short time up the Atami River, through the Atamia Mountains to the plains north of them called the Akian Plains. Their dialect was the ancestor of all languages in the Egisian Group (Bar. Eγēsjaï), named after the island in the Atami River where the most conservative dialect, Egisiem (Bar. Eγēsjemi), is spoken. The southern group moved westwards and settled around the fertile banks of the immensely vast Ilateme Lake. Their dialect was the ancestor of the Syko-Roekian group (Bar. Ši-Rušaï) is named after the Manyala words for 'lake' and 'river', as this area is indeed dominated by the gargantuan Ilateme Lake and hundreds of small tributary rivers.

As the geographical distance between the tribes of the Syko-Roekian group increased, they developed their own, different cultures and languages. About in 600 BCE, those calling themselves Ilatemaians (who had build a kingdom that covered all the shore of the lake) conquered the other tribes, and expanded their empire to the Ake River in the west and the Atari River in the east, building the largest empire in their day, comparable in size to the Roman Empire at its height. At this time, a script had already been in use, which is why we know today what the language of the empire sounded like - the Old Ilatemaian language (Bar. Iratemjaï) gives us the oldest surviving records of a direct ancestor of Baranxeï.

Within this empire, many languages co-existed. But the once unified Ilatemaian language had changed, of course, and had two descendants - Eastern Ilatemaian and Western Ilatemaian.

Language of the Marches

During this peak of its reign, the Ilatemaian Empire started to colonize the territories around, largely for protection against other, rival kingdoms - for example the Yayaian Nomad States in the east, Sija in the south, Atamia in the north and the Talitrian Empire in the west.

In the west, five marches were set up between the Ake River and the Habanu River (now Baranxi River). These five territories were called Baranxtu, Asuanitu, Bērēa, Mañatu and Amarin. Most of the colonists for these Western Marches were drawn from the West Ilatemaian regions of Panhura, especially from the area around the now lost city of Baranhide, so that most inhabitants of the marches spoke the Panhuran dialect.

Unfortunately, almost no written sources of this dialect survives, safe for a few inscriptions on personal items.

Today, there is scientific agreement in the 1st century CE, a new language had developped out of the Panhuran dialects - or more precisely, two languages. A northern variant nowadays simply caleld 'Northern March', spoken in Baranxtu, Asuanitu and Bērēa as well as 'Southern March' spoken in Mañatu and Amarin. As all these marches were still under Ilatemaian reign, the Ancient Ilatemaian language remained official, and any regional languages were oppressed, so there is as few written material of these 'March languages' as of the Panhuran dialects.

It was not until the Western Marches gained their independence in the 3rd century that the local language started to be written down in lengthier texts. However, the script of that time is suŋested not to be a close representation of the actual phonology of the time, as it was a syllabary of about 150 characters which did not match the suŋested inventory of some possible 600-800 syllables of the language.

By the time a new script that fitted the language was introduced, Northern March had developed into Old Baranxeï, Old Asuaneï and Old Bērēaï, whereas Southern March had become Old Mañatu in the southernmost part and Old Amarini in the northern parts.

Old Baranxeï

In 728 CE, queen Amina Sohateratu Megkura-Oratirh introduced the first alphabet which fitted all sounds of the language. It was modeled after the alphabet which was used for the closely related Mányala kónie (Manyaian language), which in turn was largely inspired by alphabets used by the neighboring Talitrian tribes.

The language recorded from this time - whose phonology, morphology and syntax is actually known - received the name of Old Baranxeï.
Of course, the language changed - and in the 13th century, it underwent such dramatic changes that from that time on, it is called Middle Baranxeï. The language that was spoken during this first 500 years of official Baranxeï existence is further divided into Early, Classical, Post-Classical and Late Old Baranxeï.

Middle Baranxeï

At the beginning of the 13th century, Baranxeï made distinction between aspirated and unaspirated, voiced and unvoiced, palatalized and unpalatalized consonants. In only some 70 years, this distinction vanished, and only voiced and unvoiced consonants were left. The Old Baranxeï inventory of affricates even vanished entirely. The reason for this is still heavily disputed, but most linguist agree today that the Atamian occupation of first Asuanei and later Baranxtu, leading to the flight of many Asuaneians to Baranxtu, inflicted this heavy reduction of the consonantal inventory on the language, as the two languages Old Baranxeï and Old Asuaneï were mixed, perhaps even creating a creole (the last part being the most heavily disputed of this theory).

The case system was also simplified, dropping most positional cases in favor of simple prepositions and postpositions.

However, the drastic change also added to Baranxeï's phonological inventory. Previously only spotting an 'r' (X-SAMPA: r), it now also included a variant of 'l' (X-SAMPA: K).

As the country of Baranxtu's rise began, so did the rise of the repuation of the language. More and more texts were written in Middle Baranxeï, including some of the most important philosophical works of the time. However, Mányala ws the more prestigious language, as the kingdom Mányai was now covering an area almost as large as the now-gone Ilatemaian Empire, wheres Baranxtu was still relatively small.

The Traditional Baranxtuans still speak a version of this language, as they emigrated just shortly before a major sound shift occured in the original area where Baranxeï was spoken. At the end of the 17th century, the language had changed again enough to be given a new name.

Modern Baranxeï

It were already the contemporary writers who wrote about 'Modern Baranxeï' in the early 1700s.

Beginning from the core of the Baranxeï-speaking regions, a sound shift took place in almost all areas where the language was spoken. It saw the emergence of more fricatives, the loosening of the formerly strict distinction between c/x/x [c, x, X], the roughing of h before consonants (to [x]) and its loss in prevocalic positions, the written blurring of <ŋ, ng, gk> and the like.

Status

Modern Baranxeï

Modern Baranxeï is recognized as an official language in Baranxtu, Cikoutimi and Jonquiere-Tadoussac.

Middle Baranxeï

Middle Baranxeï, on the other hand, is only officially recognized in the province of Abasina (Middle Baranxeï: Aipašina).

In this province of the republic, it has about 250,000 speakers who use it as their primary means of communication in both private and public. Another 250,000 learned it as their mother tongue (or one of their mother tongues), but only use it when talking to a monoglot.
Middle Baranxeï is also spoken in remote areas where emigrants from Baranxtu went to pursue a usually more conservative, traditional live (quite similar to that of Traditional Baranxtuans). Their number is somewhere between two or three million speakers, but their culture is not recognized anywhere.
The total number of speakers of Middle Baranxeï is therefore somwhere between 2.5 and 3.5 million.

Phonology

Phonetic Inventory

Consonants

	bilabial	interdental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
Plosive	p b	t d				k g	q
Fricative	p\ B	T D	s z	S Z	c	x G	X	h
Nasal	m	n			J	N
Flap		4
Lateral		l
Approximant					j

Vowels

Standard Baranxeï formally recognizes nine monophthongs; however, most exist as various allophones and many are in fact diphthongs. Apart from these, there is also a number of actual diphthongs written es digraphs.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		u
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		y
Open-mid	E
Open			A Q

Alphabet

Standard Baranxeï Alphabet

The most common writing system virtually used by Baranxtimans is the Standard Baranxeï Alphabet. It is a version of the Unified Meleiyaian Alphabet, which is nowadays used by almost all languages of the Meleiyaian cultures to which Baranxtu belongs.

It is one of the few versions of this alphabet that uses almost no digraphs.

Ararabagaþa

The Ararabagaþa (the divine script) is a much less commonly used alphabet used for writing Baranxeï. It evolved independently from the Standard Baranxeï Alphabet and was the standard up until the 16th century, when it started to be slowly replaced by the SBA.

Outside of its continued use as the standard script for religious texts, the Ararabagaþa is today often used for calligraphic purposes. It is still thought in schools, but there recently have been attempts to remove it from the official curriculum.

Romanisation

As the Baranxeï alphabet bears no resemblence to any language of Earth, a romanisation is used to display examples of Baranxeï.

It is not a true romanisation, however, drawing heavily from letters of the Greek alphabet. For more details, see Romanisation of Baranxeï.

Morphology

Verbs

Infinitive

Each verb can take six infinitive forms, of which one (present active infinitive) is the citation form.

English	Present Active	Present Passive	Future Active	Future Passive	Past Active	Past Passive
	-a	-ain	-ēša	-išta	-auma	-īnna
to see	anerta	anertain	anertēša	anertišta	anertauma	anertīnna
to go, to walk	serena	serenain	serenēša	sereništa	serenauma	serenīnna
to speak, to talk	hēva	hēvain	hēvēša	hēvišta	hēvauma	hēvīnna
to give	juŋa	juŋain	juŋēša	juŋišta	juŋauma	juŋīnna

These infinitives are all used fairly common, especially in a construction akin to the Latin accusativus cum infinitivo.

Example:

I see him walking down the street. - Anertim ānin pritan serena.
I saw him walking down the street. - Anertani ānin pritan serenauma.

I see him being given a book. - Anertim ānin begin jaŋain.
I saw him being given a book. - Anertani ānin begin jaŋīnna.

Conjugation

Baranxeï has three persons, two numbers, four genders and two voices (active and passive) and three tenses (present, future, past).

There are a total of four sets of personal endings, one for Present/Future Active, one for Present/Future Passive, one for Past Active and one for Past Passive.

Present/Future

The personal endings for the present tense and future tense are identical.

However, in the future tense verbs take an additional infix before the personal ending, -ar-.

Active

Person	masculine	feminine	neuter	m/f
singular
1st Person	-im	-am		-em
2nd Person	-iþ	-aþ		-eþ
3rd Person	-is	-as	-ēs	-es
plural
1st Person	-iña	-aña		-eña
2nd Person	-itta	-atta		-etta
3rd Person	-iš	-aš	-ēš	-eš

Passive

Person	masculine	feminine	neuter	m/f
singular
1st Person	-īna	-ana		-ena
2nd Person	-īga	-aga		-ega
3rd Person	-īs	-ais	-ēis	-eis
plural
1st Person	-īnei	-anei		-enei
2nd Person	-īgei	-agei		-egei
3rd Person	-īš	-aiš	-ēiš	-eiš

Past

The past tense has an extra set of personal endings. If they are simply added to the verb stem, they form what can be compared to the English simple past.

However, although only found in formal language anymore, they are traditionally two past tenses - simple past with the infix -ān- and pluperfect with the infix -āþ-.

Active

Person	masculine	feminine	neuter	m/f
singular
1st Person	-ni	-na		-ne
2nd Person	-nif	-naf		-nef
3rd Person	-nis	-nas	-nēs	-nes
plural
1st Person	-nija	-naja		-neja
2nd Person	-nipja	-napja		-nepja
3rd Person	-nitja	-natja	-nētja	-netja

Passive

Person	masculine	feminine	neuter	m/f
singular
1st Person	-nīã	-nã		-neã
2nd Person	-nīγy	-naγy		-neγy
3rd Person	-nīðy	-naðy	-nēðy	-neðy
plural
1st Person	-nīnã	-nanã		-nenã
2nd Person	-nīγei	-naγei		-neγei
3rd Person	-nīžy	-nažy	-nēžy	-nežy

Irregular Verbs

There are only two irregular verbs in Baranxeï - haþa (to be) and erna (to have).

Haþa - To Be

Person	Present	Past	Future
singular
1st Person	hã	hā	hār
2nd Person	has	hās	hārs
3rd Person	han	hān	hārn
plural
1st Person	haš	hāš	hārš
2nd Person	haž	hāž	hārž
3rd Person	han	hān	hārn

Erna - To Have

Person	Present	Past	Future
singular
1st Person	ã	ā	hār
2nd Person	as	ās	ārs
3rd Person	an	ān	ārn
plural
1st Person	aš	āš	ārš
2nd Person	až	āž	ārž
3rd Person	an	ān	ārn

Nouns

Gender

Baranxeï has four gender classes for nouns, masculine, feminine, neuter and mixed gender. The latter is almost exlusively used in the plural forms, although formally they may be used in the singular.

Masculine nouns end in –i, –y, –u or a consonant.
Feminine nouns end in –a, –e, –ē or a consonant.
Neutral nouns end in –o, –u, –y or a consonant.
Mixed gender nouns are variations of masculine or feminine nouns. Their vowel is –ī.

There are, however, a few exceptions. Some nouns end in vowels that don't correspond ot their natural gender; they are declined according to their grammatical gender; adjectives referring to these, however, go with their natural gender (e.g. pa - father, pa mauni - a good father).

Cases

Nominative Case

The nominative case marks the subject of a verb. It is also the citation form of a noun as it is marked by a null morpheme.

Example:

The book is on the table. - Begi can guf han.
I see him. - Hãma sāmin anertim.

Genitive Case

The genitive case shows a relationship that may be thought of as one thing belonging to, being created from, or otherwise deriving from some other thing. It usually directly follows the noun it refers to.

Example:

He takes my book. - Begin hãmatu γamelin.
Father's house is green. - Niqab patu verēu han.

Dative Case

The dative case marks the indirect object of a verb. In Baranxeï, it also marks the agent in a passive sentence.

Example:

He gives me a book. - Sāmi begin hãmir juŋin.
I was given a book by her. - Hãma begin sāmar juŋna.

Accusative Case

The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb.

Example:

I give her a book. - Hãmi begin sāmar juŋim.
I walk down the street. - Hãmi pritan serenam.

Pre- and Postpositional Case

The pre- and postpositional case is needed if a noun is part of a pre-/postpositional phrase.

Example:

I walk into the house. - Hãmi xõ niqabuf serenim.
I am inside the house. - Hãmi niqabuf xõ hã.

Declension

Nouns ending on a vowel are declined by removing the final vowel and adding the endings. For nouns ending on a consonant, a final fricative is usually changed into its respective plosive. Then, the endings is added.

Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
singular
Nominative Case	-	-	-
Genitive Case	-itu	-atu	-utu
Dative Case	-ir	-ar	-ur
Accusative Case	-in	-an	-un
Prepositional Case	-if	-af	-uf
plural
Nominative Case	-ia	-aa	-ua
Genitive Case	-ituja	-atuja	-utuja
Dative Case	-il	-al	-ul
Accusative Case	-iŋ	-aŋ	-uŋ
Prepositional Case	-iþa	-aþa	-uþa

Adjectives

Pronouns

Baranxeï formally has four pronouns which are declined like normal nouns. Thus, there are no special words for "my/your/his/her/its", instead the genitive form of the pronoun is used.

It should also be noted that the nominative form of a pronoun is usually absent and only used for emphasis.

Case	I		You		He/She/It (present)			He/She/It (absent)
	m	f	m	f	m	f	n	m	f	n
Nominative Case	hãmi	hãma	ðumari	ðumarē	sāmi	sāmē	sān	āni	ānē	ān
Genitive Case	hãmitu	hãmatu	ðumaritu	ðumaratu	sāmitu	sāmatu	sānutu	ānitu	ānatu	ānutu
Dative Case	hãmir	hãmar	ðumarir	ðumarar	sāmir	sāmar	sānur	ānir	ānar	ānur
Accusative Case	hãmin	hãman	ðumarin	ðumaran	sāmin	sāman	sānun	ānin	ānan	ānun
Prepositional Case	hãmif	hãmaf	ðumarif	ðumaraf	sāmif	sāmaf	sānuf	ānif	ānaf	ānuf
Case	We		You		They (present)			They (absent)
	m	f	m	f	m	f	n	m	f	n
Nominative Case	hãmia	hãmaja	ðumaria	ðumaraja	sāmia	sāmaja	sānua	ānia	ānaja	ānua
Genitive Case	hãmituja	hãmatuja	ðumarituja	ðumaratuja	sāmituja	sāmatuja	sānutuja	ānituja	ānatuja	ānutuja
Dative Case	hãmil	hãmal	ðumaril	ðumaral	sāmil	sāmal	sānul	ānil	ānal	ānul
Accusative Case	hãmiŋ	hãmaŋ	ðumariŋ	ðumaraŋ	sāmiŋ	sāmaŋ	sānuŋ	āniŋ	ānaŋ	ānuŋ
Prepositional Case	hãmiþa	hãmaþa	ðumariþa	ðumaraþa	sāmiþa	sāmaþa	sānuþa	āniþa	ānaþa	ānuþa

Syntax

Relative clauses

In Baranxeï, relative clauses require both a relative pronoun (which acts as the header of the relative clause) as well as a demonstrative pronoun (which marks a 'break' in the main clause).

Baranxeï has only one relative pronoun, haïnā. It agrees in number and gender with the antedecent, but may differ in case.

There are a number of demonstrative pronouns which may be used to introduce a relative clause, but by far the most common is þinā. It agrees in number, gender and case with the antecedent.

This makes the formation of relative clauses somewhat complicated, but it has the advantage of being very precise in the information that is given. If the relative clause extends to a second part where the role of the antecedent changes, the relative pronoun must be repeated.

Hē han þinu, haïnun γauzatni!

this is that, which I-said!

That's what I said!

Niqab þinu, haïnuf xõ meidrim, ēgu han.

house that, which in I-live, red is.

The house I live in is red.

vami īpan þinan, haïnan juŋni ā haïna raña han, araxnis!

uncle present that, which I-gave and which bad is, he-loved!

(My) uncle loved the present I gave him, and which is (so) bad!

Preposititons and Postpositions

Baranxeï has a number of both prepositions and postpositions; actually, one morpheme may act as both, but with a change of meaning. The former usually denotes movement or a change of position or state (from the point of view of the agent), whereas the latter usually denotes a temporarily stable position or state. Others describe prepositions as describing an act, whereas postpositions describe the result.

The following table gives an overview of the pre- and postpositions of Baranxeï.

Morpheme	Basic Meaning	Postposition (Example)	English	Preposition (Example)	English
aš	Postpos.: behind sth, following sb Prepos.: behind, into the back of sth	baf aš serenis.	He walks behind his father.	aš niqabuf serenis.	He goes behind the house.
can	Postpos.: over, above, on top of sth Prepos.: onto, over, above sth	haðēnapu niqabuf can han.	The bird is on top of the house.	can niqabuf haðēŋes.	It flies onto the house.
ðin	Postpos.: resulting in, causing Prepos.: by, through¹	ðiskarif ðin	...causing his death...	ðin ðiskarif	...by his death...
mī	Postpos.: before sth; ~ years ago Prepos.: at the time of sth, back when¹	aþrābileruf mī	two hundred (years) ago	mī Melumnaf	at the time of Melumna
niaš	Postpos.: in front of; followed by Prepos.: in front of sth	ostīf niaš serenis.	He walks in front of his child. He is followed by his child.	niaš niqabuf serenis.	He goes in front of the house.
rēn	Postpos.: with Prepos.: followed by, preceding	ostīf rēn xoxaštis.	He enters with his child.	rēn ostīf xoxaštis.	He enters, followed by his child.
sen	Postpos.: outside of, out of Prepos.: outside, out	niqabuf sen ha.	He is outside of the house.	sen niqabuf serenis.	He walks out of the house.
xõ	Postpos.: in(side) sth Prepos.: into sth	niqabuf xõ han.	He is inside the house.	xõ niqabuf serenis.	He walks inside the house.

1: Can also stand with a verbal phrase.

Dialects

Republic of Baranxtu

The dialects of Baranxeï spoken in the republic are all still relatively homogenous. The dialect of the first settlers survives today as the Middle Baranxeï spoken in the province of Abasina by the so-called Traditional Baranxtuans.

The dialects of modern Baranxeï, however, are not the direct descendants of any of the kingdom's dialects. The reason for this is that most immigrants from the kingdom arrived in the northern province Bari Nazer and usually stayed there, only their children moving to the southern provinces. Until the early 1800s, the province of Bari Nazer (including the capital) had developed a specific dialect which was incidentally very close to what became Standard Modern Baranxeï in 1906. New immigrants from various parts of the Baranxeï speaking world did add their own elements to the language, but largely adapted to what was considered standard in the republic.

Other areas under Baranxtuan control were not heavily populated until the second half of the 19th century. Then, mostly people from the rural area of Bari Nazer started to move to the industrial centers which developed in Halaora and Leumena as well as the coastal area of Dorista. The dialects of the earlier Baranxtuan settlers were quickly eradicated by the sheer mass of people from the north.

In the republic, dialects do not greatly differ in vocabulary, but mostly in pronunciation. Generally speaking, it is a city-country disparity, with rural dialects all over Baranxtu being closer to each other than to the neighboring urban dialects.
The diversity in sociolects is not as large.

The most common difference between the rural and urban dialects is that in rural areas, people tend to merge all alveolar sounds ( /t d s z r l n/) into one alveolar retroflex.

Vocabulary

Numbers

English	Baranxeï
zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine	hoïn, mā, aþrā, eijkā. šā, aijrā, hazā, žvā, hājā, leiðā
ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety	ēmanā, ēþranā, ēkanā. ēšanā, ēranā, ēzanā, ēžvanā, ējanā, ēleiðanā
eleven, twelve, thirteen, forteen	ēmanā-mā, ēman-aþrā, ēman-eijkā, ēmanā-šā
one hundred, two hundred, one thousand, two thousand	mābilerā, aþrābilerā, māvarā, aþrāvarā
million, billion, trillion	makonā, takonā, kakonā
half, third, quarter, fifth	aþrim, eijkim, šim, aijrim
one and a half, one and a third, one and two thirds	mā xar aþrim, mā xar eijkim, mā xar aþrā eijkim

Time and Date

English	Baranxeï
What time is it?	Ašinun hãmir/hãmar γauzata ajiriþ/ajiraþ?
It is five thirty AM/PM.	Ašinu aijrā/ēmanā-žvā ā ēkanā han.
day - night	aðu (f) - tuma
day - week - month - year	aðu (n) - žvaðu - miamu - asaγu
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday	lañaðu, sindeiγaðu, ēgaðu, miñaðu, veraðu, saumaðu, isjaðu
January, Feburary, March, April, May, June	Asuanitum, Mañatum, Avaranisatum, Anēžatum, Atamjatum, Šītujam
July, August, September, October, November, December	Aneijatum, Lužatum, Baranxitum, Nutum, Imatum, Mēlējatum

IDU Country Names

English	Baranxeï Counry Name	Baranxeï Adjective
Antrium	Antrium	antriumalā
Baranxtu The Most Serene Republic of Baranxtu	Baranxtu Furanē An-Maona Baranxtu	baranxtalā
Ceorana	Seorana	seoranalā
Cikoutimi	Šikutimi	šikutimalā
Domnonia	Domnoña	domnoñalā
Fonzoland	Hēiga Fanzo	fanzalā
Gnejs	Gynež	gynežalā
Groot Gouda	Grāt-Gauda	gaudalā
Grosseschnauzer	Gros-Šnautsur	šnautseralā
Jonquiere-Tadoussac	Žonqjēr-Tadusak	žontadēnalā
Keeslandia	Hēiga Kiz	kiznalā
Malabra	Malabra	malabralā
Mikitivity	Maikytiveti	maikytivetalā
Otea	Otea	otealā
Sober Thought	Sobr-Þāt	sobralā
South Antrium	Āŋ-Antrium	āŋ-antriumalā
Xtraordinary Gentlemen	Sohukut Asstraordinar	asstraordinaralā
International Democratic Union	Murtikainu Anhēigemu Hētatu Sohukututu	mahsalā

Language Names

English	Baranxeï Name	Baranxeï Adjective
Alvésin	Alvēzin	alvēzininā
Asuaneï	Asuaneï	asuaneïnā
Baranxeï	Baranxeï	baranxeïnā
Chicoutim	Šikutimi	šikutiminā
Dutch	Neðerlans	neðerlañinā
English	Iŋēla	iŋēlanā
French	Frõnsē	fransanā
German	Dutš	dutšinā
Nidajii	Nidajiï	nidajiïnā
Qi	Qi	qinā
Spanish	Kastejano	Kastejaninā

Languages of Baranxtu
Official Languages:
Asuaneï \| Baranxeï \| Baranxtuan Sign Language \| English \| French \| Nidajii
Other Languages:
Baranxtuan French \| Chicoutim \| Masenar \| Phipul \| Qi

Languages of NationStates
Major constructed or created languages: Dienstadi \| Gurennese \| Jevian \| Necrontyr \| Noterelenda \| Pacitalian \| Pacitalian English \| Rejistanian \| Rethast \| Riikan \| Solen
Minor constructed or created languages: Alçaera \| Algebraic English \| Alvésin \| Ancient Shieldian \| Anguistian \| Aperin \| Avalyic \| Baranxeï \| Belmorian \| Belmorian-Rejistanian \| Celdonian \| Chicoutim \| Constantian \| Dovakhanese \| Edolian \| Eugenian \| Fklaazj \| Footballian \| Galadisian Quenya \| Garomenian \| Gestahlian \| Gosian \| Hockey Canadian \| Isselmerian \| Kerlan \| Khenian \| Kurma \| Kzintsu'ng \| Lank Jan \| Latika \| Lausem \| Letilan \| Limbruenglish \| Mock Welsh \| Neo-Virgean \| Nielandic \| Nord-Brutlandese \| Nordaþ \| Novian \| Palixian \| Paristani \| Poirih \| Rukialkotta \| Sandrian \| Scat \| Schnan \| Simple English \| Søskendansk \| Syokaji \| Tetemelayu \| Trøndersk \| Volscian \| Weegie \| Weserian \| Wymgani \| Xikuangese \| Yokarian
Selection of Real-life languages in NS: Albanian \| Arabic \| Belarusian \| Catalan \| Chechen \| Chinese \| Czech \| Dutch \| English \| Esperanto \| Faroese \| Finnish \| French \| German \| Greek \| Hebrew \| Hindi \| Icelandic \| Irish \| Italian \| Japanese \| Korean \| Latin \| Latvian \| Maltese \| Maori \| Mongolian \| Norse \| Norwegian \| Persian (Farsi) \| Polish \| Portuguese \| Punjabi \| Russian \| Samoan \| Sign language \| Sanskrit \| Spanish \| Sumerian \| Swahili \| Swedish \| Tamil \| Thai \| Tibetan \| Tongan \| Urdu \| Welsh
For a full list of NationStates languages see Category:Languages.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{feedback}}
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300"
 |-
@@ Line 11: / Line 13: @@
 |-
 | Speakers:
-| 1.4 billion (est)
+| 252,360,000 (est)
 |-
 | Genetic classification:
@@ Line 39: / Line 41: @@
 At around 5,000 BCE, the tribe split into three groups. One group travelled south and finally settled along the southern coast of the continent Ašmeina; they were the early Sijaians and their language became Sijai (Bar. Sižaï). A second group went to the even larger plains in the far east, where they became the nomadic tribes which spoke the ancestor of the Yayaian languages (Bar. Jajamismaï).
-The third one stayed in their original region. The dialect of Sumyaian they spoke first developed into Proto-Meleiyan (Bar. Mηlηjiaï). The language is named after the cultures which are the descendants of this first group, which are classified together as Meleiyan cultures, named in turn after the central goddess in their religion, Meleiya (Bar. Mηlηa).
+The third one stayed in their original region. The dialect of Sumyaian they spoke first developed into Proto-Meleiyan (Bar. Mēlējiaï). The language is named after the cultures which are the descendants of this first group, which are classified together as Meleiyan cultures, named in turn after the central goddess in their religion, Meleiya (Bar. Mēlēa).
-However, in about 1,500 BCE, they started to expand their territory. One relatively large groups seems to have migrated in relatively short time up the Atami River, through the Atamia Mountains to the plains north of them called the Akian Plains. Their dialect was the ancestor of all languages in the Egisian Group (Bar. Eγηsjaï), named after the island in the Atami River where the most conservative dialect, Egisiem (Bar. Eγηsjemi), is spoken.
+However, in about 1,500 BCE, they started to expand their territory. One relatively large groups seems to have migrated in relatively short time up the Atami River, through the Atamia Mountains to the plains north of them called the Akian Plains. Their dialect was the ancestor of all languages in the Egisian Group (Bar. Eγēsjaï), named after the island in the Atami River where the most conservative dialect, Egisiem (Bar. Eγēsjemi), is spoken.
 The southern group moved westwards and settled around the fertile banks of the immensely vast Ilateme Lake. Their dialect was the ancestor of the Syko-Roekian group (Bar. Ši-Rušaï) is named after the Manyala words for 'lake' and 'river', as this area is indeed dominated by the gargantuan Ilateme Lake and hundreds of small tributary rivers.
@@ Line 55: / Line 57: @@
 In the west, five marches were set up between the Ake River and the Habanu River (now Baranxi River).
-These five territories were called Baranxtu, Asuanitu, Bηrηa, Majjatu and Amarin.
+These five territories were called Baranxtu, Asuanitu, Bērēa, Mañatu and Amarin.
 Most of the colonists for these Western Marches were drawn from the West Ilatemaian regions of Panhura, especially from the area around the now lost city of ''Baranhide'', so that most inhabitants of the marches spoke the Panhuran dialect.
 Unfortunately, almost no written sources of this dialect survives, safe for a few inscriptions on personal items.
-Today, there is scientific agreement in the 1st century CE, a new language had developped out of the Panhuran dialects - or more precisely, two languages. A northern variant nowadays simply caleld 'Northern March', spoken in Baranxtu, Asuanitu and Bηrηa as well as 'Southern March' spoken in Majjatu and Amarin.
+Today, there is scientific agreement in the 1st century CE, a new language had developped out of the Panhuran dialects - or more precisely, two languages. A northern variant nowadays simply caleld 'Northern March', spoken in Baranxtu, Asuanitu and Bērēa as well as 'Southern March' spoken in Mañatu and Amarin.
 As all these marches were still under Ilatemaian reign, the Ancient Ilatemaian language remained official, and any regional languages were oppressed, so there is as few written material of these 'March languages' as of the Panhuran dialects.
-It was not until the Western Marches gained their independence in the 3rd century that the local language started to be written down in lengthier texts. However, the script of that time is suggested not to be a close representation of the actual phonology of the time, as it was a syllabary of about 150 characters which did not match the suggested inventory of some possible 600-800 syllables of the language.
+It was not until the Western Marches gained their independence in the 3rd century that the local language started to be written down in lengthier texts. However, the script of that time is suŋested not to be a close representation of the actual phonology of the time, as it was a syllabary of about 150 characters which did not match the suŋested inventory of some possible 600-800 syllables of the language.
-By the time a new script that fitted the language was introduced, Northern March had developed into Old Baranxeï, Old Asuaneï and Old Bηrηaï, whereas Southern March had become Old Majjatu in the southernmost part and Old Amarini in the northern parts.
+By the time a new script that fitted the language was introduced, Northern March had developed into Old Baranxeï, Old Asuaneï and Old Bērēaï, whereas Southern March had become Old Mañatu in the southernmost part and Old Amarini in the northern parts.
 ===Old Baranxeï===
@@ Line 88: / Line 90: @@
 It were already the contemporary writers who wrote about 'Modern Baranxeï' in the early 1700s.
-Beginning from the core of the Baranxeï-speaking regions, a sound shift took place in almost all areas where the language was spoken. It saw the emergence of more fricatives, the loosening of the formerly strict distinction between c/x/χ ''[c, x, X]'', the roughing of h before consonants (to [x]) and its loss in prevocalic positions, the written blurring of <gg, ng, gk> and the like.
+Beginning from the core of the Baranxeï-speaking regions, a sound shift took place in almost all areas where the language was spoken. It saw the emergence of more fricatives, the loosening of the formerly strict distinction between c/x/x ''[c, x, X]'', the roughing of h before consonants (to [x]) and its loss in prevocalic positions, the written blurring of <ŋ, ng, gk> and the like.
 ==Status==
@@ Line 102: / Line 104: @@
 <br>The total number of speakers of Middle Baranxeï is therefore somwhere between 2.5 and 3.5 million.
-==Writing System==
+==Phonology==
-===Baranxeï Alphabet===
-The writing system used by the Baranxtuan people all over the world is the Baranxeï alphabet. It is a version of the Unified Meleiyaian Alphabet which is nowadays used by almost all languages of the Meleiyaian cultures to which Baranxtu belongs.
+===Phonetic Inventory===
+====Consonants====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 |
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant | bilabial]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Interdental consonant |  interdental]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant | alveolar]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant | postalveolar]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant | palatal]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant | velar]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Uvular consonant | uvular]]
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=75 | [[Wikipedia:Glottal consonant | glottal]]
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant | Plosive]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive | p]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive | b]]
+| align=center colspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar plosive | t]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced alveolar plosive | d]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive | k]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive | g]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive | q]]
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant | Fricative]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial fricative | p\]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced bilabial fricative | B]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless interdental fricative | T]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced interdental fricative | D]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative | s]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative | z]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative | S]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative | Z]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless palatal fricative | c]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative | x]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative | G]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative | X]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative | h]]
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant | Nasal]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Bilabial nasal | m]]
+| align=center colspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar nasal | n]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal nasal | J]]
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Velar nasal | N]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant | Flap]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center colspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar flap | 4]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Lateral consonant | Lateral]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center colspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar lateral approximant | l]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" | [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant | Approximant]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Palatal approximant | j]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+|}
+====Vowels====
+Standard Baranxeï formally recognizes nine monophthongs; however, most exist as various allophones and many are in fact diphthongs. Apart from these, there is also a number of actual diphthongs written es digraphs.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 |
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Front
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Central
+!! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Back
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel | i]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel | y]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel | u]]
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Close-mid
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel | e]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel | o]]
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Mid
+| align=center |
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Schwa | y]]
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open-mid
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel | E]]
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=55 | Open
+| align=center |
+| align=center |
+| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel | A]]<br>[[Wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel | Q]]
+|}
+===Alphabet===
+====Standard Baranxeï Alphabet====
+The most common writing system virtually used by Baranxtimans is the Standard Baranxeï Alphabet. It is a version of the Unified Meleiyaian Alphabet, which is nowadays used by almost all languages of the Meleiyaian cultures to which Baranxtu belongs.
 It is one of the few versions of this alphabet that uses almost no digraphs.
-===Romanisation===
+====Ararabagaþa====
+The Ararabagaþa ''(the divine script)'' is a much less commonly used alphabet used for writing Baranxeï. It evolved independently from the Standard Baranxeï Alphabet and was the standard up until the 16th century, when it started to be slowly replaced by the SBA.
+Outside of its continued use as the standard script for religious texts, the Ararabagaþa is today often used for calligraphic purposes. It is still thought in schools, but there recently have been attempts to remove it from the official curriculum.
+====Romanisation====
 As the Baranxeï alphabet bears no resemblence to any language of Earth, a romanisation is used to display examples of Baranxeï.
@@ Line 127: / Line 248: @@
 |<B>-a</B>
 |<B>-ain</B>
-|<B>-ηša</B>
+|<B>-ēša</B>
 |<B>-išta</B>
 |<B>-auma</B>
-|<B>-υnna</B>
+|<B>-īnna</B>
 |-
 |to see
 |anerta
 |anertain
-|anertηša
+|anertēša
 |anertišta
 |anertauma
-|anertυnna
+|anertīnna
 |-
 |to go, to walk
 |serena
 |serenain
-|serenηša
+|serenēša
 |sereništa
 |serenauma
-|serenυnna
+|serenīnna
 |-
 |to speak, to talk
-|hηβa
+|hēva
-|hηβain
+|hēvain
-|hηβηša
+|hēvēša
-|hηβišta
+|hēvišta
-|hηβauma
+|hēvauma
-|hηβυnna
+|hēvīnna
 |-
 |to give
-|jugga
+|juŋa
-|juggain
+|juŋain
-|juggηša
+|juŋēša
-|juggišta
+|juŋišta
-|juggauma
+|juŋauma
-|juggυnna
+|juŋīnna
 |}
@@ Line 169: / Line 290: @@
 ''Example:''
-*I see him walking down the street. - Anertim ωnin pritan serena.
+*I see him walking down the street. - Anertim ānin pritan serena.
-*I saw him walking down the street. - Anertani ωnin pritan serenauma.
+*I saw him walking down the street. - Anertani ānin pritan serenauma.
-*I see him being given a book. - Anertim ωnin begin jaggain.
+*I see him being given a book. - Anertim ānin begin jaŋain.
-*I saw him being given a book. - Anertani ωnin begin jaggυnna.
+*I saw him being given a book. - Anertani ānin begin jaŋīnna.
@@ Line 209: / Line 330: @@
 | -is
 | -as
-| -ηs
+| -ēs
 | -es
 |-
@@ Line 215: / Line 336: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 1st Person
-| -ijja
+| -iña
-| -ajja
+| -aña
 |
-| -ejja
+| -eña
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
@@ Line 229: / Line 350: @@
 | -iš
 | -aš
-| -ηš
+| -ēš
 | -eš
 |}
@@ Line 241: / Line 362: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 1st Person
-| -υna
+| -īna
 | -ana
 |
@@ Line 247: / Line 368: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
-| -υga
+| -īga
 | -aga
 |
@@ Line 253: / Line 374: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 3rd Person
-| -υs
+| -īs
 | -ais
-| -ηis
+| -ēis
 | -eis
 |-
@@ Line 261: / Line 382: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 1st Person
-| -υnei
+| -īnei
 | -anei
 |
@@ Line 267: / Line 388: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
-| -υgei
+| -īgei
 | -agei
 |
@@ Line 273: / Line 394: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 3rd Person
-| -υš
+| -īš
 | -aiš
-| -ηiš
+| -ēiš
 | -eiš
 |}
@@ Line 282: / Line 403: @@
 The past tense has an extra set of personal endings. If they are simply added to the verb stem, they form what can be compared to the English simple past.
-However, although only found in formal language anymore, they are traditionally two past tenses - simple past with the infix '''-ωn-''' and pluperfect with the infix '''-ωþ-'''.
+However, although only found in formal language anymore, they are traditionally two past tenses - simple past with the infix '''-ān-''' and pluperfect with the infix '''-āþ-'''.
 ======<big><b>Active</b></big>======
@@ Line 298: / Line 419: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
-| -niφ
+| -nif
-| -naφ
+| -naf
 |
-| -neφ
+| -nef
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 3rd Person
 | -nis
 | -nas
-| -nηs
+| -nēs
 | -nes
 |-
@@ Line 326: / Line 447: @@
 | -nitja
 | -natja
-| -nηtja
+| -nētja
 | -netja
 |}
@@ Line 338: / Line 459: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 1st Person
-| -nυã
+| -nīã
 | -nã
 |
@@ Line 344: / Line 465: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
-| -nυγy
+| -nīγy
 | -naγy
 |
@@ Line 350: / Line 471: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 3rd Person
-| -nυðy
+| -nīðy
 | -naðy
-| -nηðy
+| -nēðy
 | -neðy
 |-
@@ Line 358: / Line 479: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 1st Person
-| -nυnã
+| -nīnã
 | -nanã
 |
@@ Line 364: / Line 485: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 2nd Person
-| -nυγei
+| -nīγei
 | -naγei
 |
@@ Line 370: / Line 491: @@
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" | 3rd Person
-| -nυžy
+| -nīžy
 | -nažy
-| -nηžy
+| -nēžy
 | -nežy
 |}
@@ Line 389: / Line 510: @@
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 1st Person
 | hã
-| hω
+| hā
-| hωr
+| hār
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 2nd Person
 | has
-| hωs
+| hās
-| hωrs
+| hārs
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 3rd Person
 | han
-| hωn
+| hān
-| hωrn
+| hārn
 |-
 | colspan=5 align=center | ''plural''
@@ Line 406: / Line 527: @@
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 1st Person
 | haš
-| hωš
+| hāš
-| hωrš
+| hārš
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 2nd Person
 | haž
-| hωž
+| hāž
-| hωrž
+| hārž
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 3rd Person
 | han
-| hωn
+| hān
-| hωrn
+| hārn
 |}
@@ Line 429: / Line 550: @@
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 1st Person
 | ã
-| ω
+| ā
-| hωr
+| hār
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 2nd Person
 | as
-| ωs
+| ās
-| ωrs
+| ārs
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 3rd Person
 | an
-| ωn
+| ān
-| ωrn
+| ārn
 |-
 | colspan=5 align=center | ''plural''
@@ Line 446: / Line 567: @@
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 1st Person
 | aš
-| ωš
+| āš
-| ωrš
+| ārš
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 2nd Person
 | až
-| ωž
+| āž
-| ωrž
+| ārž
 |-
 ! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | 3rd Person
 | an
-| ωn
+| ān
-| ωrn
+| ārn
 |}
+===Nouns===
+====Gender====
+Baranxeï has four gender classes for nouns, '''masculine''', '''feminine''', '''neuter''' and '''mixed gender'''. The latter is almost exlusively used in the plural forms, although formally they may be used in the singular.
+*'''Masculine nouns''' end in '''–i, –y, –u''' or a consonant.
+*'''Feminine nouns''' end in '''–a, –e, –ē''' or a consonant.
+*'''Neutral nouns''' end in '''–o, –u, –y''' or a consonant.
+*'''Mixed gender nouns''' are variations of masculine or feminine nouns. Their vowel is '''–ī'''.
+There are, however, a few exceptions. Some nouns end in vowels that don't correspond ot their natural gender; they are declined according to their grammatical gender; adjectives referring to these, however, go with their natural gender (e.g. ''pa'' - father, ''pa mauni'' - a good father).
+====Cases====
+=====Nominative Case=====
+The '''nominative case''' marks the subject of a verb. It is also the citation form of a noun as it is marked by a null morpheme.
+''Example:''
+*'''The book''' is on the table. - '''Begi''' can guf han.
+*'''I''' see him. - '''Hãma''' sāmin anertim.
+=====Genitive Case=====
+The '''genitive case''' shows a relationship that may be thought of as one thing belonging to, being created from, or otherwise deriving from some other thing. It usually directly follows the noun it refers to.
+''Example:''
+*He takes '''my''' book. - Begin '''hãmatu''' γamelin.
+*'''Father's''' house is green. - Niqab '''patu''' verēu han.
+=====Dative Case=====
+The '''dative case''' marks the indirect object of a verb. In Baranxeï, it also marks the agent in a passive sentence.
+''Example:''
+*He gives '''me''' a book. - Sāmi begin '''hãmir''' juŋin.
+*I was given a book '''by her'''. - Hãma begin '''sāmar''' juŋna.
+=====Accusative Case=====
+The '''accusative case''' marks the direct object of a verb.
+''Example:''
+*I give her '''a book'''. - Hãmi '''begin''' sāmar juŋim.
+*I walk down '''the street'''. - Hãmi '''pritan''' serenam.
+=====Pre- and Postpositional Case=====
+The '''pre- and postpositional case''' is needed if a noun is part of a pre-/postpositional phrase.
+''Example:''
+*I walk '''into the house'''. - Hãmi '''xõ niqabuf''' serenim.
+*I am '''inside the house'''. - Hãmi '''niqabuf xõ''' hã.
+=====Declension=====
+Nouns ending on a vowel are declined by removing the final vowel and adding the endings. For nouns ending on a consonant, a final fricative is usually changed into its respective plosive. Then, the endings is added.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Masculine !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Feminine  !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Neuter
+|-
+! colspan=4 | ''singular''
+|-
+|''Nominative Case''
+| -
+| -
+| -
+|-
+|''Genitive Case''
+| -itu
+| -atu
+| -utu
+|-
+|''Dative Case''
+| -ir
+| -ar
+| -ur
+|-
+|''Accusative Case''
+| -in
+| -an
+| -un
+|-
+|''Prepositional Case''
+| -if
+| -af
+| -uf
+|-
+! colspan=4 | ''plural''
+|-
+|''Nominative Case''
+| -ia
+| -aa
+| -ua
+|-
+|''Genitive Case''
+| -ituja
+| -atuja
+| -utuja
+|-
+|''Dative Case''
+| -il
+| -al
+| -ul
+|-
+|''Accusative Case''
+| -iŋ
+| -aŋ
+| -uŋ
+|-
+|''Prepositional Case''
+| -iþa
+| -aþa
+| -uþa
+|}
+===Adjectives===
+===Pronouns===
+Baranxeï formally has four pronouns which are declined like normal nouns. Thus, there are no special words for "my/your/his/her/its", instead the genitive form of the pronoun is used.
+It should also be noted that the nominative form of a pronoun is usually absent and only used for emphasis.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" colspan=2 width=100 | I !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 colspan=2 | You !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=150 colspan=3 | He/She/It ''(present)'' !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=150 colspan=3 | He/She/It ''(absent)''
+|-
+!
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''n''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''n''
+|-
+|''Nominative Case''
+| hãmi
+| hãma
+| ðumari
+| ðumarē
+| sāmi
+| sāmē
+| sān
+| āni
+| ānē
+| ān
+|-
+|''Genitive Case''
+| hãmitu
+| hãmatu
+| ðumaritu
+| ðumaratu
+| sāmitu
+| sāmatu
+| sānutu
+| ānitu
+| ānatu
+| ānutu
+|-
+|''Dative Case''
+| hãmir
+| hãmar
+| ðumarir
+| ðumarar
+| sāmir
+| sāmar
+| sānur
+| ānir
+| ānar
+| ānur
+|-
+|''Accusative Case''
+| hãmin
+| hãman
+| ðumarin
+| ðumaran
+| sāmin
+| sāman
+| sānun
+| ānin
+| ānan
+| ānun
+|-
+|''Prepositional Case''
+| hãmif
+| hãmaf
+| ðumarif
+| ðumaraf
+| sāmif
+| sāmaf
+| sānuf
+| ānif
+| ānaf
+| ānuf
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 | Case !! bgcolor="#3399cc" colspan=2 width=100 | We !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=100 colspan=2 | You !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=150 colspan=3 | They ''(present)'' !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=150 colspan=3 | They ''(absent)''
+|-
+!
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''n''
+| align=center | ''m''
+| align=center | ''f''
+| align=center | ''n''
+|-
+|''Nominative Case''
+| hãmia
+| hãmaja
+| ðumaria
+| ðumaraja
+| sāmia
+| sāmaja
+| sānua
+| ānia
+| ānaja
+| ānua
+|-
+|''Genitive Case''
+| hãmituja
+| hãmatuja
+| ðumarituja
+| ðumaratuja
+| sāmituja
+| sāmatuja
+| sānutuja
+| ānituja
+| ānatuja
+| ānutuja
+|-
+|''Dative Case''
+| hãmil
+| hãmal
+| ðumaril
+| ðumaral
+| sāmil
+| sāmal
+| sānul
+| ānil
+| ānal
+| ānul
+|-
+|''Accusative Case''
+| hãmiŋ
+| hãmaŋ
+| ðumariŋ
+| ðumaraŋ
+| sāmiŋ
+| sāmaŋ
+| sānuŋ
+| āniŋ
+| ānaŋ
+| ānuŋ
+|-
+|''Prepositional Case''
+| hãmiþa
+| hãmaþa
+| ðumariþa
+| ðumaraþa
+| sāmiþa
+| sāmaþa
+| sānuþa
+| āniþa
+| ānaþa
+| ānuþa
+|}
+==Syntax==
+===Relative clauses===
+In '''Baranxeï''', relative clauses require both a [[Wikipedia:relative pronoun|relative pronoun]] (which acts as the header of the relative clause) as well as a [[Wikipedia:demonstrative pronoun|demonstrative pronoun]] (which marks a 'break' in the main clause).
+Baranxeï has only one relative pronoun, '''haïnā'''. It agrees in number and gender with the antedecent, but may differ in case.
+There are a number of demonstrative pronouns which may be used to introduce a relative clause, but by far the most common is '''þinā'''. It agrees in number, gender and case with the antecedent.
+This makes the formation of relative clauses somewhat complicated, but it has the advantage of being very precise in the information that is given. If the relative clause extends to a second part where the role of the antecedent changes, the relative pronoun must be repeated.
+:''Hē han'' '''þinu, haïnun''' ''γauzatni!''
+:this is that, which I-said!
+:''That's what I said!''
+:''Niqab'' '''þinu, haïnuf''' ''xõ meidrim, ēgu han.''
+:house that, which in I-live, red is.
+:''The house I live in is red.''
+:''vami īpan'' '''þinan, haïnan''' ''juŋni ā'' '''haïna''' ''raña han, araxnis!''
+:uncle present that, which I-gave and which bad is, he-loved!
+:''(My) uncle loved the present I gave him, and which is (so) bad!''
+===Preposititons and Postpositions===
+'''Baranxeï''' has a number of both prepositions and postpositions; actually, one morpheme may act as both, but with a change of meaning. The former usually denotes movement or a change of position or state (from the point of view of the agent), whereas the latter usually denotes a temporarily stable position or state. Others describe prepositions as describing an act, whereas postpositions describe the result.
+The following table gives an overview of the pre- and postpositions of Baranxeï.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=50 | Morpheme
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=250 | Basic Meaning
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=5 |
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 | Postposition (Example)
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 | English
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=5 |
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 | Preposition (Example)
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=200 | English
+|-
+! aš
+| ''Postpos.:'' behind ''sth'', following ''sb''<br>
+''Prepos.:'' behind, into the back of ''sth''
+|
+| baf aš serenis.
+| He walks behind his father.
+|
+| aš niqabuf serenis.
+| He goes behind the house.
+|-
+! can
+| ''Postpos.:'' over, above, on top of ''sth''<br>
+''Prepos.:'' onto, over, above ''sth''
+|
+| haðēnapu niqabuf can han.
+| The bird is on top of the house.
+|
+| can niqabuf haðēŋes.
+| It flies onto the house.
+|-
+! ðin
+| ''Postpos.:'' resulting in, causing<br>
+''Prepos.:'' by, through<sup>1</sup>
+|
+| ðiskarif ðin
+| ...causing his death...
+|
+| ðin ðiskarif
+| ...by his death...
+|-
+! mī
+| ''Postpos.:'' before ''sth''; ''~ years'' ago
+''Prepos.:'' at the time of ''sth'', back when<sup>1</sup>
+|
+| aþrābileruf mī
+| two hundred (years) ago
+|
+| mī Melumnaf
+| at the time of [[Melumna Aŋlijatu Ŋura-Eilara | Melumna]]
+|-
+! niaš
+| ''Postpos.:'' in front of; followed by<br>
+''Prepos.:'' in front of ''sth''
+|
+| ostīf niaš serenis.
+| He walks in front of his child.<br>He is followed by his child.
+|
+| niaš niqabuf serenis.
+| He goes in front of the house.
+|-
+! rēn
+| ''Postpos.:'' with<br>
+''Prepos.:'' followed by, preceding
+|
+| ostīf rēn xoxaštis.
+| He enters with his child.
+|
+| rēn ostīf xoxaštis.
+| He enters, followed by his child.
+|-
+! sen
+| ''Postpos.:'' outside of, out of<br>
+''Prepos.:'' outside, out
+|
+| niqabuf sen ha.
+| He is outside of the house.
+|
+| sen niqabuf serenis.
+| He walks out of the house.
+|-
+! xõ
+| ''Postpos.:'' in(side) ''sth''<br>
+''Prepos.:'' into ''sth''
+|
+| niqabuf xõ han.
+| He is inside the house.
+|
+| xõ niqabuf serenis.
+| He walks inside the house.
+|}
+*'''1:''' Can also stand with a verbal phrase.
 ==Dialects==
@@ Line 479: / Line 996: @@
 ==Vocabulary==
-===Loanwords===
+===Numbers===
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=450 | English !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=450 | Baranxeï
+|-
+| ''zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine''
+| hoïn, mā, aþrā, eijkā. šā, aijrā, hazā, žvā, hājā, leiðā
+|-
+| ''ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety''
+| ēmanā, ēþranā, ēkanā. ēšanā, ēranā, ēzanā, ēžvanā, ējanā, ēleiðanā
+|-
+| ''eleven, twelve, thirteen, forteen''
+| ēmanā-mā, ēman-aþrā, ēman-eijkā, ēmanā-šā
+|-
+| ''one hundred, two hundred, one thousand, two thousand''
+| mābilerā, aþrābilerā, māvarā, aþrāvarā''
+|-
+| ''million, billion, trillion''
+| makonā, takonā, kakonā
+|-
+| ''half, third, quarter, fifth''
+| aþrim, eijkim, šim, aijrim
+|-
+| ''one and a half, one and a third, one and two thirds''
+| mā xar aþrim, mā xar eijkim, mā xar aþrā eijkim
+|}
-Like every other language, Baranxeï has adopted a fair number of words from other languages.
+===Time and Date===
-The older borrowings are from the traditional neighboring languages of Baranxeï, for example Manyala ''(like 'šymimama' (uterus), from Man. 'shmimama')'' or the Talitrian languages ''(like 'rujjy' (province), from Central Talitrian 'ranhu').
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
-Republican Baranxeï has also borrowed from languages spoken by the people it has come in contact with. Among them are also many Indo-European languages which are predominant in the [[International Democratic Union]].
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=450 | English !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=450 | Baranxeï
-Most of these words are still part of the colloquial language, but are starting to enter more formal speech. These loanwords are largely drawn from French and English, but also from German, Dutch, Spanish, [[Poirih]] and Welsh.
+|-
+| ''What time is it?''
-The names of other languages and the countries they are spoken in are usually also drawn from that language, with the two exceptions of ''English'', which is derived from the Dutch word for the language, and ''German'' which is derived from the French name.
+| Ašinun hãmir/hãmar γauzata ajiriþ/ajiraþ?
+|-
-<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" width="800" style="margin-left:0.5em;">
+| ''It is five thirty AM/PM.''
-<TR>
+| Ašinu aijrā/ēmanā-žvā ā ēkanā han.
-<TD>'''Baranxeï'''</TD>
+|-
-<TD>'''Meaning'''</TD>
+| ''day - night''
-<TD>'''Origin'''</TD>
+| aðu ''(f)'' - tuma
-</TR>
+|-
-<TR>
+| ''day - week - month - year''
-<TD>'''rηpυβliju'''</TD>
+| aðu ''(n)'' - žvaðu - miamu - asaγu
-<TD>republic </TD>
+|-
-<TD>''French'' la republique</TD>
+| ''Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday''
-</TR>
+| lañaðu, sindeiγaðu, ēgaðu, miñaðu, veraðu, saumaðu, isjaðu
-<TR>
+|-
-<TD>'''dηmokrašu'''</TD>
+| ''January, Feburary, March, April, May, June''
-<TD>democracy </TD>
+| Asuanitum, Mañatum, Avaranisatum, Anēžatum, Atamjatum, Šītujam
-<TD>''French'' la démocratie</TD>
+|-
-</TR>
+| ''July, August, September, October, November, December''
-<TR>
+| Aneijatum, Lužatum, Baranxitum, Nutum, Imatum, Mēlējatum
-<TD>'''βadrija'''</TD>
+|}
-<TD>car </TD>
-<TD>''French'' la voiture</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''reφrešeraðηu'''</TD>
-<TD>fridge </TD>
-<TD>''French'' le réfrigérateur</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''alman'''</TD>
-<TD>German language </TD>
-<TD>''French'' allemand</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''kulω'''</TD>
-<TD>cool </TD>
-<TD>''English'' cool</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''φaka '''</TD>
-<TD>to fuck/screw up </TD>
-<TD>''English'' to fuck</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''gηi''' (also '''gηjω''')</TD>
-<TD>gay </TD>
-<TD>''English'' gay<sup>1</sup></TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''irγainanω '''</TD>
-<TD>shitty, crappy </TD>
-<TD>analogous to ''German'' beschissen<sup>2</sup></TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''ostυmωndaner '''</TD>
-<TD>kindergarten </TD>
-<TD>analogous to ''German'' der Kindergarten<sup>3</sup></TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''aðio '''</TD>
-<TD>bye </TD>
-<TD>''Spanish'' adiós</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''kastejano '''</TD>
-<TD>Spanish (Castilian) language </TD>
-<TD>''Spanish'' castellano</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''nederlands '''</TD>
-<TD>Dutch language </TD>
-<TD>''Dutch'' Nederlands</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''eggels '''</TD>
-<TD>English language </TD>
-<TD>''Dutch'' Engles</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''draigu '''</TD>
-<TD>dragon </TD>
-<TD>''Welsh'' draig<sup>3</sup></TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''gimraig '''</TD>
-<TD>Welsh language </TD>
-<TD>''Welsh'' y Gymraeg</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''poirix '''</TD>
-<TD>Poirih language </TD>
-<TD>''Poirih'' Poirih</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>'''janaltu murtikainu<sup>5</sup>'''</TD>
-<TD>[[Yuunli]]</TD>
-<TD>''Poirih'' Yuanal-Punt</TD>
-</TR>
-</table>
-<small><sup>1</sup> The traditional terms ''majagg araqja&omega;' (lit. loving women) / 'haligg araqjan&omega;'' (lit. loving men) can be applied to both gay women and straight men/gay men and straight women.</small>
-<small><sup>2</sup> Derived from Bar. irγana (to shit), first attested in 1987. Compare Quebec French 'la fin de semaine' to English 'weekend'.</small>
-<small><sup>3</sup> Derived from Bar. ostυ (child) and mωndaner (garden).</small>
-<small><sup>4</sup> Used for European dragons only. The Baranxtuan dragon is similar in appearance to Chinese dragons, but can be both good or bad, and are named either 'vicious winged snake' or 'benevolent winged snake'.</small>
-<small><sup>5</sup> Derived from BAr. murtika (to unite), meaing 'federation' or 'union', the translation of 'Punt', the whole term means 'federation of Yuunli'.</small>
 ===IDU Country Names===
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
-{| align=center border=1 cellpadding=2 width=800
 |-
-| '''English'''
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | English !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | Baranxeï Counry Name !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | Baranxeï Adjective
-| '''Baranxeï (country)'''
-| '''Baranxeï (adjective)'''
 |-
-| Antrium
+|''Antrium''
-| antrium
+|Antrium
-| antriumalω
+|antriumalā
 |-
-| Baranxtu
+|''Baranxtu''<br>The Most Serene Republic of Baranxtu
-| baranxtu
+|Baranxtu<br>Furanē An-Maona Baranxtu
-| baranxtumalω<sup>1</sup><br>baranxtimω
+|baranxtalā<br>
 |-
-| Cikoutimi
+|''Ceorana''
-| šikutimη
+|Seorana
-| šikutimalω
+|seoranalā
 |-
-| Domnonia
+|''Cikoutimi''
-| dommωna
+|Šikutimi
-| dominijω<sup>1</sup><br>dommωnalω
+|šikutimalā
 |-
-| Groot Gouda
+|''Domnonia''
-| grωt-gauda
+|Domnoña
-| grωt-gaudalω
+|domnoñalā
 |-
-| Grosseschnauzer
+|''Fonzoland''
-| grωs-šnautsur
+|Hēiga Fanzo
-| šnautseralω
+|fanzalā
 |-
-| Jonquière-Tadoussac
+|''Gnejs''
-| žonqjηr-tadusak
+|Gynež
-| žontadηnalω<sup>1</sup><br>žonqjηralω-tadusakalω
+|gynežalā
 |-
-| Keeslandia
+|''Groot Gouda''
-| keislãnda
+|Grāt-Gauda
-| keislãndalω
+|gaudalā
 |-
-| Malabra
+|''Grosseschnauzer''
-| malabra
+|Gros-Šnautsur
-| malabralω
+|šnautseralā
 |-
-| Mikitivity
+|''Jonquiere-Tadoussac''
-| maikitiβiti
+|Žonqjēr-Tadusak
-| maikitiβitialω
+|žontadēnalā
 |-
-| Sober Thought
+|''Keeslandia''
-| sabr-þωþ
+|Hēiga Kiz
-| sabralω
+|kiznalā
 |-
-| International Democratic Union
+|''Malabra''
-| murtikainu anhηigemu hηtatu sohukuttu<br>murtikainu φurananu anhηigemu
+|Malabra
-| mahs-alω<sup>2</sup><br>mφa-lω
+|malabralā
 |-
-| colspan=3 | <sup>1</sup><small>''Preferred and politically more correct version.''<br><sup>2</sup>''This is the preferred version, as it can be pronounced as an acronym.''</small>
+|''Mikitivity''
+|Maikytiveti
+|maikytivetalā
+|-
+|''Otea''
+|Otea
+|otealā
+|-
+|''Sober Thought''
+|Sobr-Þāt
+|sobralā
+|-
+|''South Antrium''
+|Āŋ-Antrium
+|āŋ-antriumalā
+|-
+|''Xtraordinary Gentlemen''
+|Sohukut Asstraordinar
+|asstraordinaralā
+|-
+|''International Democratic Union''
+|Murtikainu Anhēigemu Hētatu Sohukututu
+|mahsalā
 |}
-===Some Helpful Phrases===
+===Language Names===
-<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" width="800" style="margin-left:0.5em;">
-<TR>
-<TD>English</TD>
-<TD>Baranxeï</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''hello, good-bye''</TD>
-<TD>šωþera</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''Do you speak Baranxeï/Mányala?''</TD>
-<TD>ai δumari/δumarη baranxeïr/majjaïr hηβi/hηβa (has)?</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''Yes, I speak Baranxeï/Mányala.''</TD>
-<TD>hã, hãmi/hãma  baranxeïr/majjaïr hηβi/hηβa (hã).</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''yes''</TD>
-<TD>hã </TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''no''</TD>
-<TD>nahã</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''one, two, three, four, five''</TD>
-<TD>mω, aþrω, eijkω. šω, aijrω,</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''six, seven, eight, nine, ten''</TD>
-<TD>hazω, žβω, hωjω, leiðω, ηmanω</TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''The Most Serene Republic Baranxtu''</TD>
-<TD>Φuranη An-Maona Baranxtu </TD>
-</TR>
-<TR>
-<TD>''The Kingdom Baranxtu''</TD>
-<TD>Unary Baranxtu</TD>
-</TR>
-</table>
+{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|-
+! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | English !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | Baranxeï Name !! bgcolor="#3399cc" width=300 | Baranxeï Adjective
+|-
+|''Alvésin''
+|Alvēzin
+|alvēzininā
+|-
+|''Asuaneï''
+|Asuaneï
+|asuaneïnā
+|-
+|''Baranxeï''
+|Baranxeï
+|baranxeïnā
+|-
+|''Chicoutim''
+|Šikutimi
+|šikutiminā
+|-
+|''Dutch''
+|Neðerlans
+|neðerlañinā
+|-
+|''English''
+|Iŋēla
+|iŋēlanā
+|-
+|''French''
+|Frõnsē
+|fransanā
+|-
+|''German''
+|Dutš
+|dutšinā
+|-
+|''Nidajii''
+|Nidajiï
+|nidajiïnā
+|-
+|''Qi''
+|Qi
+|qinā
+|-
+|''Spanish''
+|Kastejano
+|Kastejaninā
+|}
+{{BaranxtuLanguages}}
 {{Languages}}
+[[Category:Baranxeï | ]]
 [[Category:Languages]]
-[[Category:Baranxtu]]
+[[Category:Languages of Baranxtu]]
+[[Category:Languages of Cikoutimi]]
+[[Category:Languages of Otea]]

Difference between revisions of "Baranxeï"

Latest revision as of 11:32, 18 February 2007

Contents

History

From Sumyaian till Ilatemaian

Language of the Marches

Old Baranxeï

Middle Baranxeï

Modern Baranxeï

Status

Modern Baranxeï

Middle Baranxeï

Phonology

Phonetic Inventory

Consonants

Vowels

Alphabet

Standard Baranxeï Alphabet

Ararabagaþa

Romanisation

Morphology

Verbs

Infinitive

Conjugation

Present/Future

Active

Passive

Past

Active

Passive

Irregular Verbs

Haþa - To Be

Erna - To Have

Nouns

Gender

Cases

Nominative Case

Genitive Case

Dative Case

Accusative Case

Pre- and Postpositional Case

Declension

Adjectives

Pronouns

Syntax

Relative clauses

Preposititons and Postpositions

Dialects

Republic of Baranxtu

Vocabulary

Numbers

Time and Date

IDU Country Names

Language Names

Navigation menu

Search