Difference between revisions of "Noterelenda"
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− | '''Noterelenda''' is one of the | + | {{Featured}} |
+ | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="floatright" width="300" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! colspan="2" bgcolor=black | <big><font color=white>Noterelenda<br></font></big> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Spoken in: | ||
+ | | [[Unified Capitalizt States]], [[Spaam]] (minority) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Total declared fluent or learning speakers: | ||
+ | | ca. 14,025,000,000 (March, [[Bedistan]]i year 2090) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Genetic classification: | ||
+ | | [[Wikipedia:Constructed language|Constructed language]]<br/> '''Noterelenda'''<br/> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! colspan="2" bgcolor=black | <font color=white>Official status</font> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Official language of: | ||
+ | | Unified Capitalizt States | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Regulated by: | ||
+ | | ''Asósie Léndire'da Notereléndire'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! colspan="2" bgcolor=black | <font color=white>Top 3 nations</font> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Unified Capitalizt States | ||
+ | | 1,420,000,000 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ''unknown'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | ''unknown'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''Noterelenda''' is a constructed language developed in [[Bedistan]], and is one of the five official [[language]]s of the [[Unified Capitalizt States]], though it is more widely spoken in the former [[West Bedistan]] and [[Pedriana]]. It draws influences from the other three Bedistani languages ([[English]], [[Spanish]], and a very small amount of classical [[Greek]]). | ||
==Basic Grammar== | ==Basic Grammar== | ||
− | Noterelenda | + | Due to Noterelenda's case system, there is no specific required sentence structure, though most sentences use a simple subject-verb-object (SVO) form, like English. Modifiers are usually placed after nouns. |
− | Sample sentence: Ge tal | + | Sample sentence: Ge tal seniel'da. (I went to the store.) |
==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ||
− | The Noterelenda alphabet has undergone a few changes in its short history. The present alphabet consists of | + | The Noterelenda alphabet has undergone a few changes in its short history. The present alphabet consists of 22 letters, each of which has a single sound: |
− | *a | + | *a = /ɑ/ |
− | *b | + | *b = /b/ |
− | *d | + | *d = /d/ |
− | *e | + | *e = /ɛ/ |
− | *f | + | *f = /f/ |
− | *g | + | *g = /ɡ/ |
− | *i | + | *i = /i/ |
− | *j | + | *j = /h/ |
− | *k | + | *k = /k/ |
− | *l | + | *l = /l/ |
− | *m | + | *m = /m/ |
− | *n | + | *n = /n/ |
− | *o | + | *o = /o/ |
− | *p | + | *p = /p/ |
− | *q | + | *q = /tʃ/ |
− | *r | + | *r = /ɹ/ |
− | *s | + | *s = /s/ |
− | *t | + | *t = /t/ |
− | *u | + | *u = /u/ |
− | *v | + | *v = /v/ |
− | + | *y = /j/ | |
− | *y | + | *z = /z/ |
− | *z | + | |
===Archaic letters=== | ===Archaic letters=== | ||
− | The letter '''q''' has not always existed in its present form. Originally, the / | + | The letter '''q''' has not always existed in its present form. Originally, the /tʃ/ sound was represented by the letter combination "ch". The extra letter ''h'' was later dropped and the /tʃ/ sound was represented by a cedilla added under the c (ç). Rushed writing styles common to Noterelenda speakers eventually resulted in the morphing of this letter into a g-like entity, and eventually the stroke was reversed in direction to help in differentiation, producing today's modern letter ''q''. |
In addition, there was originally a letter '''c'''. Very recently, this letter has been deprecated in favor of '''k''', as the two have identical sounds. The letter c is no longer recognized as being an official part of the Noterelenda alphabet. | In addition, there was originally a letter '''c'''. Very recently, this letter has been deprecated in favor of '''k''', as the two have identical sounds. The letter c is no longer recognized as being an official part of the Noterelenda alphabet. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The most recent removal from the alphabet is the letter '''w''', which was made obsolete with the advent of diphthongs. A diphthong beginning with the letter '''u''' usually approximates the sound well enough. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Some scholars are also considering doing away with the letter '''y''' in favor of diphthongs involving the letter '''i''', but it is not likely that this will happen any time soon. | ||
===Pronunciation=== | ===Pronunciation=== | ||
− | Unless otherwise specified, the stress of any polysyllabic word falls on the penultimate syllable (qi'''da''' | + | Unless otherwise specified, the stress of any polysyllabic word falls on the penultimate syllable (qi'''da'''de, kon'''si'''ke). A written acute accent mark indicates that the stress instead falls on the syllable over which it is written (jevar'''é'''). An apostrophe (') usually indicates a slightly more pronounced break between syllables. It is typically used when there is an awkward transition in sounds (archaic word ''<nowiki>Arjenibrúk'ta</nowiki>'', replaced by ''Arjenibrukem''). It is also used for separating special modifiers from a word (the suffix ''<nowiki>'da</nowiki>'', for instance, acts as the word "the"). Note that for purposes of stress, any prefixes or suffixes set off by apostrophes are not considered to be part of the word; hence the written accent over the u in ''<nowiki>Arjenibrúk'ta</nowiki>''. A few words, such as numbers, can be composed of multiple parts set off by apostrophes. For purposes of stress, treat each section as a separate word; the stress within each section will fall on the penultimate syllable unless otherwise specified. This is the only way in which multiple accent marks can appear in a word. |
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
− | Normally when two vowels appear side-by-side, they are considered to be part of two separate syllables. Thus, ''senie'' (store, nominative) is pronounced "sen-EE-ay", with the i and e forming distinct syllables. For a greater range of vowel sounds, though, a ''diphthong'' can be formed. A diphthong is composed of two vowels side-by-side, with the second vowel having two dots drawn above it | + | Normally when two vowels appear side-by-side, they are considered to be part of two separate syllables. Thus, ''senie'' (store, nominative) is pronounced "sen-EE-ay", with the i and e forming distinct syllables. For a greater range of vowel sounds, though, a ''diphthong'' can be formed. A diphthong is composed of two vowels side-by-side, with the second vowel having a diaeresis (two dots) drawn above it. |
Example: The word ''guane'', written as shown, would be pronounced "goo-AH-nay". However, if a diphthong is formed by writing ''guäne'', the two vowels merge, and the pronunciation becomes "GWAH-nay". | Example: The word ''guane'', written as shown, would be pronounced "goo-AH-nay". However, if a diphthong is formed by writing ''guäne'', the two vowels merge, and the pronunciation becomes "GWAH-nay". | ||
In the event that a diphthong requires a written accent mark, that accent mark is placed over the first vowel. Thus, a theoretical word ''nepáï'' would be pronounced "nep-AYE". | In the event that a diphthong requires a written accent mark, that accent mark is placed over the first vowel. Thus, a theoretical word ''nepáï'' would be pronounced "nep-AYE". | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pronunciations of common diphthongs: | ||
+ | * aï = /ɑi/ | ||
+ | * aü = /ɑʊ/ | ||
+ | * eï = /ei/ | ||
+ | * iä = /jɑ/ | ||
+ | * ië = /jɛ/ | ||
+ | * iï = /ji/ | ||
+ | * iö = /jo/ | ||
+ | * iü = /ju/ | ||
+ | * oï = /ɔɪ/ | ||
+ | * uä = /wɑ/ | ||
+ | * uë = /wɛ/ | ||
+ | * uï = /wi/ | ||
+ | * uö = /wo/ | ||
+ | * uü = /wu/ | ||
==Nouns and adjectives== | ==Nouns and adjectives== | ||
Line 62: | Line 115: | ||
===The forms=== | ===The forms=== | ||
− | As a result, each noun has a total of | + | As a result, each noun has a total of thirteen forms, one for each of four cases in each gender and a single vocative case common to all three. The endings are as follows: |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | '''Case''' | |
− | + | | '''Masculine''' | |
− | + | | '''Feminine''' | |
− | + | | '''Neuter''' | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | | '''Nominative''' || -o || -a || -e | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Accusative''' || -on || -an || -en | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Genitive''' || -om || -am || -em | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Dative''' || -ol || -al || -el | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Vocative''' || colspan=3 | -i* | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | <nowiki>*</nowiki> In the case of nouns that end in the nominative case with the letter i followed by a vowel, such as ''nepaïe'' (''country'' or ''nation''), the vocative ending is dropped. Stress should be maintained on the same syllable, so in this case a written accent mark would need to be added to produce ''nepáï''. | |
− | * | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
===Irregular nouns=== | ===Irregular nouns=== | ||
− | All nouns native to the language are regular, and will always use the endings described above. There are two categories of irregular nouns: names of people and names of countries or other geographical locations. | + | All nouns native to the language are regular, and will always use the endings described above. There are two main categories of irregular nouns: names of people and names of countries or other geographical locations. |
====Names of people==== | ====Names of people==== | ||
− | If the ending of a person's name does not fit any of the case endings for that person's gender ("Jacob", for instance, does not fit any masculine endings), then the person's name, unaltered, is used as the nominative case ("Jakob" in this instance since the letter "c" doesn't exist in Noterelenda). The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Jakon, Jakom, Jakol, Jaki). | + | If the ending of a person's name does not fit any of the case endings for that person's gender ("Jacob", for instance, does not fit any masculine endings), then the person's name, unaltered in spelling, is used as the nominative case ("Jakob" in this instance since the letter "c" doesn't exist in Noterelenda). The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Jakon, Jakom, Jakol, Jaki). |
− | If the ending of a person's name ''does'' fit a case ending for that person's gender ("Megan", for instance, fits the feminine accusative case), then that name, unaltered, is used for that case. The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Mega, Megam, Megal, Megi). | + | If the ending of a person's name ''does'' fit a case ending for that person's gender ("Megan", for instance, fits the feminine accusative case), then that name, unaltered in spelling, is used for that case. The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Mega, Megam, Megal, Megi). |
====Names of geographical locations==== | ====Names of geographical locations==== | ||
− | For geographical locations, the same rules apply as with personal names, but all locations are considered to be in the neuter gender. Thus, Australia, for instance, which does not fit any neuter case endings, would be used as the nominative (with any modifications necessary to preserve pronunciation as much as possible, thus it would become " | + | For geographical locations, the same rules apply as with personal names, but all locations are considered to be in the neuter gender. Thus, Australia, for instance, which does not fit any neuter case endings, would be used as the nominative (with any modifications necessary to preserve pronunciation as much as possible, thus it would become "Astraliä"). It would be modified accordingly for the other four cases (Astraliën, Astraliëm, Astraliël, Astrali). |
+ | |||
+ | ====Other irregular nouns==== | ||
+ | The name of the language itself, ''Noterelenda'', is semi-irregular. The only irregularity is that despite it not being a living creature, it is considered to be feminine instead of neuter. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pronouns=== | ||
+ | Subject pronouns are not normally used, since the subject should be clear from the verb conjugation, but they do exist nonetheless. Object pronouns are used the same way as in [[Spanish]], and the usage of possessive pronouns is similar, but not quite the same. With possessive pronouns, pluralization is based on the subject, not the object. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Subject pronouns==== | ||
+ | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | '''Masculine''' | ||
+ | | '''Feminine''' | ||
+ | | '''Neuter''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''I''' || jo || ja | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you''' || to || ta | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''he''' || ilo | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''she''' || || ila | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''it''' || || || le | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''we''' || nos || nas | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you (pl)''' || vos || vas | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''they''' || los || las || les | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Object pronouns==== | ||
+ | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | '''Masculine''' | ||
+ | | '''Feminine''' | ||
+ | | '''Neuter''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''I''' || jon || jan | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you''' || ton || tan | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''he''' || ilon | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''she''' || || ilan | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''it''' || || || len | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''we''' || nones || nanes | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you (pl)''' || vones || vanes | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''they''' || lones || lanes || lenes | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Possessive pronouns==== | ||
+ | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | | '''Masculine''' | ||
+ | | '''Feminine''' | ||
+ | | '''Neuter''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''I''' || jom || jam | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you''' || tom || tam | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''he''' || ilom | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''she''' || || ilam | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''it''' || || || lem | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''we''' || nomes || names | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''you (pl)''' || vomes || vames | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''they''' || lomes || lames || lemes | ||
+ | |} | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives usually come immediately after the noun in a sentence, and use the same case endings as the nouns they modify. | Adjectives usually come immediately after the noun in a sentence, and use the same case endings as the nouns they modify. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Numbers==== | ||
+ | Unlike other adjectives, numbers appear directly ''before'' the noun. Some common numbers are listed below in the neuter form. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''#''' | ||
+ | | '''Word''' | ||
+ | | '''#''' | ||
+ | | '''Word''' | ||
+ | | '''#''' | ||
+ | | '''Word''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1 || one || 21 || tesenone || 400 || kuöresine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2 || tese || 30 || tredene || 500 || fibesine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 3 || trede || 40 || kuörene || 600 || seksine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 4 || kuöre || 50 || fibene || 700 || sedsine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 5 || fibe || 60 || sekene || 800 || erqesine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 6 || seke || 70 || sedene || 900 || nunisine | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 7 || sede || 80 || erqene || 1000 || taüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 8 || erqe || 90 || nuniëne || 2000 || téstaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 9 || nunië || 100 || sine || 3000 || trétaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 10 || dene || 101 || sinone || 4000 || kúörtaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 11 || denone || 102 || sintese || 5000 || fítaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 12 || detese || 110 || sindene || 10,000 || déntaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 13 || detrede || 111 || sindenone || 100,000 || síntaüile | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 14 || dekuöre || 200 || tesine || 1,000,000 || milone | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 20 || tesene || 300 || tresine || 1,000,000,000 || bilone | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | colspan=2 | 1,846,408,109 | ||
+ | | colspan=4 | bilón'erqesinkuörensekemilón'kuöresinerqetaüíl'sinunië | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | To create ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), add ''-et-''. Thus, "first" would be ''onete'', "second" would be ''tesete'', "third" would be ''tredete'', etc. | ||
==Other parts of speech== | ==Other parts of speech== | ||
===Transformations=== | ===Transformations=== | ||
− | To change a noun into an adjective, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix ''-ir'', and then reattach the | + | To pluralize a noun, add ''-s''. Exception: When using the ''<nowiki>'da</nowiki>'' suffix, do not modify the base word at all; instead change the ''<nowiki>'da</nowiki>'' to ''<nowiki>'das</nowiki>''. For instance, ''senie'da'' (the store) becomes ''senie'das'' (the stores). |
+ | |||
+ | To change a noun into an adjective, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix ''-ir'', and then reattach the case/gender ending of ''the noun it is modifying''. Thus, ''prente'' (person, neuter) becomes ''prentire'' (unless it is modifying a noun of a different gender, in which case it would become ''prentiro'' or ''prentira''). | ||
To change an adjective into an adverb, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix ''-ler'', and then reattach the relevant case/gender ending (if the adverb is to modify a verb, use neuter nominative). Thus, ''sosire'' (social) becomes ''sosirlere'' (socially). The ''-ler'' suffix is basically equivalent to the English ''-ly''. | To change an adjective into an adverb, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix ''-ler'', and then reattach the relevant case/gender ending (if the adverb is to modify a verb, use neuter nominative). Thus, ''sosire'' (social) becomes ''sosirlere'' (socially). The ''-ler'' suffix is basically equivalent to the English ''-ly''. | ||
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By applying these two rules together, you can change a noun into an adverb. Thus, the noun ''ride'' (river) becomes the adverb ''ridirlere'' (like a river, as applied to a verb). | By applying these two rules together, you can change a noun into an adverb. Thus, the noun ''ride'' (river) becomes the adverb ''ridirlere'' (like a river, as applied to a verb). | ||
− | Given the name of a nation, city, or other place, the genitive case can be used to denote something as being from that place or to make that place an adjective form. Thus, '' | + | Given the name of a nation, city, or other place, the genitive case can be used to denote something as being from that place or to make that place an adjective form. Thus, ''Bédistan'' (Bedistan) becomes ''Bédistem'' (Bedistani). |
The rule for forming the diminutive form of a noun is slightly more complicated. Drop the case/gender ending, add ''-it'', and then replace the removed ending. Thus, ''kaba'' (cow, feminine, nominative) becomes ''kabita'', and ''qidadu'' (city, vocative) becomes ''qidaditu''. | The rule for forming the diminutive form of a noun is slightly more complicated. Drop the case/gender ending, add ''-it'', and then replace the removed ending. Thus, ''kaba'' (cow, feminine, nominative) becomes ''kabita'', and ''qidadu'' (city, vocative) becomes ''qidaditu''. | ||
To form the comparative of an adjective, add ''ta'-'' to the front, and to from the superlative, add ''te'-''. Thus, ''konsike'' (holy, neuter) becomes ''ta'konsike'' (holier) and ''te'konsike'' (holiest). | To form the comparative of an adjective, add ''ta'-'' to the front, and to from the superlative, add ''te'-''. Thus, ''konsike'' (holy, neuter) becomes ''ta'konsike'' (holier) and ''te'konsike'' (holiest). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Interjections=== | ||
+ | There are no special spelling or grammatical rules for interjections. | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
− | All Noterelenda verbs in their infinitive forms end in ''- | + | All Noterelenda verbs in their infinitive forms end in ''-ár''. Each verb takes a total of 34 forms: six in each of the five simple indicative tenses, a past participle, a present participle, an infinitive, and an imperative form. Verbs are not modified by the gender of the nouns they interact with. |
+ | |||
+ | All tables in this section use the following format: | ||
+ | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1st person singular | ||
+ | | 1st person plural | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2nd person singular | ||
+ | | 2nd person plural | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 3rd person singular | ||
+ | | 3rd person plural | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The verb '''krozár''' (to walk) is used as an example. | ||
===Type A tenses=== | ===Type A tenses=== | ||
− | To conjugate a verb to the present, | + | To conjugate a verb to the present, preterite, or imperfect tense, the ending ''-ár'' is dropped and a suffix is added depending on the person: |
====Present==== | ====Present==== | ||
− | + | krozo = I walk | |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''o''' | |
− | + | | kroz'''ad''' | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''as''' | |
+ | | kroz'''is''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kroz'''a''' | ||
+ | | kroz'''an''' | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | ==== | + | ====Preterite==== |
− | + | kroze iëre = I walked yesterday | |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''e''' | |
− | + | | kroz'''ago''' | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''es''' | |
+ | | kroz'''os''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kroz'''u''' | ||
+ | | kroz'''un''' | ||
+ | |} | ||
====Imperfect==== | ====Imperfect==== | ||
− | + | kroziö = I walked, without a specific timeframe | |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''iö''' | |
− | + | | kroz'''igo''' | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | kroz'''iäs''' | |
+ | | kroz'''igas''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | kroz'''iä''' | ||
+ | | kroz'''ian''' | ||
+ | |} | ||
===Type B tenses=== | ===Type B tenses=== | ||
Line 151: | Line 366: | ||
====Future==== | ====Future==== | ||
− | + | krozare = I will walk | |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | krozar'''e''' | |
− | + | | krozar'''ad''' | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | | krozar'''es''' | ||
+ | | krozar'''is''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | krozar'''a''' | ||
+ | | krozar'''an''' | ||
+ | |} | ||
====Conditional==== | ====Conditional==== | ||
− | + | krozariö = I would walk | |
− | + | {| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3 | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | | krozar'''iö''' | |
− | + | | krozar'''igo''' | |
− | + | |- | |
+ | | krozar'''iäs''' | ||
+ | | krozar'''igas''' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | krozar'''iä''' | ||
+ | | krozar'''ian''' | ||
+ | |} | ||
===Type C (progressive) tenses=== | ===Type C (progressive) tenses=== | ||
− | To form the past, present, or future progressive tense of a verb, conjugate the verb '' | + | To form the past, present, or future progressive tense of a verb, conjugate the verb ''benár'' to the imperfect, present, or future respectively and follow it with the present participle of the action verb. |
− | To form the present participle, remove the ''- | + | To form the present participle, remove the ''-ár'' ending and add ''-abo''. |
+ | |||
+ | beno krozabo = I am walking | ||
===Type D (compound) tenses=== | ===Type D (compound) tenses=== | ||
− | There are four compound tenses: the present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect. To form these, conjugate the verb '' | + | There are four compound tenses: the present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect. To form these, conjugate the verb ''jevár'' to the present, imperfect, future or conditional tense respectively and follow it with the past participle of the action verb. |
− | To form the past participle, remove the ''- | + | To form the past participle, remove the ''-ár'' ending and add ''-ibo''. |
+ | |||
+ | jeviö krozibo = I had walked | ||
===Type E (imperative) tense=== | ===Type E (imperative) tense=== | ||
− | There is only one imperative form for each verb. The imperative is formed by removing the ''- | + | There is only one imperative form for each verb. The imperative is formed by removing the ''-ár'' ending and adding ''-ab''. |
+ | |||
+ | Krozab! = Walk! | ||
===Reflexive verbs=== | ===Reflexive verbs=== | ||
− | If the subject and object of a verb are the same, or if using verbs meaning "to become something", no object is written and the suffix '''de'' is appended to the end of the verb. For instance, '' | + | If the subject and object of a verb are the same, or if using verbs meaning "to become something", no object is written and the suffix '''de'' is appended to the end of the verb. For instance, ''agár'de'' means "to become angry", and ''seplo'de'' means "I talk to myself". |
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Line 188: | Line 421: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
− | * | + | *aplicár - to apply |
− | * | + | *buriár - to bore |
− | * | + | *gár - to go |
− | * | + | *endár - to eat |
− | * | + | *agár'de - to become angry |
− | * | + | *benár - to be |
− | * | + | *oltár - to forget |
− | * | + | *jevár - to have (as in, "I have gone") |
− | * | + | *jotár - to have, to possess |
− | * | + | *mertár - to mark, to tag |
− | * | + | *partezár - to participate |
− | * | + | *tepokár - to think |
− | * | + | *seplár - to speak |
− | * | + | *krozár - to walk |
− | * | + | *kronár - to sing |
− | * | + | *kentár - to want |
+ | *restiár - to write | ||
+ | *kostár - to cost | ||
+ | *espegár - to hit, to slap | ||
+ | *leïudár - to listen | ||
+ | *underár - to wonder | ||
+ | *guïrár - to win | ||
+ | *deferár - to defeat | ||
+ | *acredár - to agree | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Line 211: | Line 452: | ||
*adige - age | *adige - age | ||
*apane - apple | *apane - apple | ||
+ | *asósie - association | ||
*belare - ball | *belare - ball | ||
*banane - banana | *banane - banana | ||
+ | *bane - bathroom | ||
*orse* - bear | *orse* - bear | ||
+ | *bole - bowl | ||
*barte* - sibling | *barte* - sibling | ||
*kamele* - camel | *kamele* - camel | ||
*ate - car | *ate - car | ||
*sintre - center | *sintre - center | ||
+ | *seritene - certainty | ||
+ | *posile - chance | ||
*qidade - city | *qidade - city | ||
*kenale - claw | *kenale - claw | ||
Line 227: | Line 473: | ||
*nepaïe - country, nation | *nepaïe - country, nation | ||
*kabe* - cow | *kabe* - cow | ||
− | * | + | *kate - cup |
*de - day | *de - day | ||
*domine - dominion | *domine - dominion | ||
Line 240: | Line 486: | ||
*líbrie - freedom | *líbrie - freedom | ||
*afrage* - friend | *afrage* - friend | ||
+ | *jeme - game | ||
*grádie - greatness | *grádie - greatness | ||
*jokame - home | *jokame - home | ||
*konsike - holiness | *konsike - holiness | ||
+ | *otele - hotel | ||
*iminte - imminence | *iminte - imminence | ||
*implosione - implosion | *implosione - implosion | ||
*aïle - island | *aïle - island | ||
− | *kree* - | + | *kree* - monarch (king/queen) |
*laride - land | *laride - land | ||
*lende - language | *lende - language | ||
Line 263: | Line 511: | ||
*ride - river | *ride - river | ||
*roze - rose | *roze - rose | ||
+ | *iladimre - seaside | ||
*salde - side | *salde - side | ||
*soje* - child | *soje* - child | ||
Line 269: | Line 518: | ||
*senie - store | *senie - store | ||
*sosie - society | *sosie - society | ||
+ | *senore - sorriness | ||
*sute - south | *sute - south | ||
*sultane* - sultan | *sultane* - sultan | ||
*sule - sun | *sule - sun | ||
*teride - string, thread | *teride - string, thread | ||
+ | *egibe - team | ||
*forpike - thread (on an Internet forum) | *forpike - thread (on an Internet forum) | ||
*tese - time, iteration | *tese - time, iteration | ||
*tememe - time (measurement) | *tememe - time (measurement) | ||
*artole - tree | *artole - tree | ||
+ | *trute - trout | ||
*unide - unity | *unide - unity | ||
*agadore - waterfall | *agadore - waterfall | ||
*oste - west | *oste - west | ||
− | * | + | *guäne - win, victory |
+ | *iuïne - winter | ||
*uäte - wood | *uäte - wood | ||
*murle - world | *murle - world | ||
*etine - yard (measurement) | *etine - yard (measurement) | ||
*garale - yard, lawn | *garale - yard, lawn | ||
− | * | + | *iëne - year |
+ | |||
+ | ===Adjectives=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This section contains only those adjectives that are not formed from nouns. | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''Colors''' | ||
+ | *vigre - green | ||
+ | *anorade - orange | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Other words=== | ||
+ | *kol - with | ||
+ | *tal - to | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Useful phrases and sentences=== | ||
+ | Hello. - Sala. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Goodbye. - Godos. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Please (do something). - Pelore, (verb).<br> | ||
+ | ''Example: Please go to the hotel. - Pelore, gab tal <nowiki>otelel'da.</nowiki>'' (Note ''otelel'' in the dative case, as it is an indirect object.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Thank you. - Grade. | ||
+ | |||
+ | You're welcome. - Gradele. | ||
+ | |||
+ | I'm sorry. - Beno senorire. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Yes. - Aï. | ||
+ | |||
+ | No. - Ne. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Where is (place)? - Adië bena (place, accusative)?<br> | ||
+ | ''Example: Where is the bathroom? - Ádië bena <nowiki>banen'da?</nowiki>'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | What is your name? - Lio bena nome tom/tam? (tom = male, tam = female) | ||
+ | |||
+ | My name is (name). - Nome jom/jam bena (name, accusative). (jom = male, jam = female)<br> | ||
+ | ''Example: My name is Omario. - Nome jom bena Omarion.'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | How much does (thing) cost? - Komo kosta (thing, accusative)?<br> | ||
+ | ''Example: How much does the apple cost? - Komo kosta <nowiki>apanen'da?</nowiki>'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | How are you [doing]? - Komo benas?<br> | ||
+ | Good. - Gene.<br> | ||
+ | OK. - Médie.<br> | ||
+ | Bad. - Made. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Do you speak (language)? - Seplas (language, accusative)?<br> | ||
+ | ''Example: Do you speak English? - Seplas inglen?'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==External links== | ||
+ | * [http://bellsouthpwp.net/h/a/harleyt_1387/noterelenda-nation-names.pdf Names of selected nations in Noterelenda] | ||
− | + | {{Languages}} | |
− | + | {{Bedistan}} |
Latest revision as of 20:02, 20 October 2007
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Noterelenda | |
---|---|
Spoken in: | Unified Capitalizt States, Spaam (minority) |
Total declared fluent or learning speakers: | ca. 14,025,000,000 (March, Bedistani year 2090) |
Genetic classification: | Constructed language Noterelenda |
Official status | |
Official language of: | Unified Capitalizt States |
Regulated by: | Asósie Léndire'da Notereléndire |
Top 3 nations | |
Unified Capitalizt States | 1,420,000,000 |
unknown | |
unknown |
Noterelenda is a constructed language developed in Bedistan, and is one of the five official languages of the Unified Capitalizt States, though it is more widely spoken in the former West Bedistan and Pedriana. It draws influences from the other three Bedistani languages (English, Spanish, and a very small amount of classical Greek).
Contents
Basic Grammar
Due to Noterelenda's case system, there is no specific required sentence structure, though most sentences use a simple subject-verb-object (SVO) form, like English. Modifiers are usually placed after nouns.
Sample sentence: Ge tal seniel'da. (I went to the store.)
Alphabet and Pronunciation
The Noterelenda alphabet has undergone a few changes in its short history. The present alphabet consists of 22 letters, each of which has a single sound:
- a = /ɑ/
- b = /b/
- d = /d/
- e = /ɛ/
- f = /f/
- g = /ɡ/
- i = /i/
- j = /h/
- k = /k/
- l = /l/
- m = /m/
- n = /n/
- o = /o/
- p = /p/
- q = /tʃ/
- r = /ɹ/
- s = /s/
- t = /t/
- u = /u/
- v = /v/
- y = /j/
- z = /z/
Archaic letters
The letter q has not always existed in its present form. Originally, the /tʃ/ sound was represented by the letter combination "ch". The extra letter h was later dropped and the /tʃ/ sound was represented by a cedilla added under the c (ç). Rushed writing styles common to Noterelenda speakers eventually resulted in the morphing of this letter into a g-like entity, and eventually the stroke was reversed in direction to help in differentiation, producing today's modern letter q.
In addition, there was originally a letter c. Very recently, this letter has been deprecated in favor of k, as the two have identical sounds. The letter c is no longer recognized as being an official part of the Noterelenda alphabet.
The most recent removal from the alphabet is the letter w, which was made obsolete with the advent of diphthongs. A diphthong beginning with the letter u usually approximates the sound well enough.
Some scholars are also considering doing away with the letter y in favor of diphthongs involving the letter i, but it is not likely that this will happen any time soon.
Pronunciation
Unless otherwise specified, the stress of any polysyllabic word falls on the penultimate syllable (qidade, konsike). A written acute accent mark indicates that the stress instead falls on the syllable over which it is written (jevaré). An apostrophe (') usually indicates a slightly more pronounced break between syllables. It is typically used when there is an awkward transition in sounds (archaic word Arjenibrúk'ta, replaced by Arjenibrukem). It is also used for separating special modifiers from a word (the suffix 'da, for instance, acts as the word "the"). Note that for purposes of stress, any prefixes or suffixes set off by apostrophes are not considered to be part of the word; hence the written accent over the u in Arjenibrúk'ta. A few words, such as numbers, can be composed of multiple parts set off by apostrophes. For purposes of stress, treat each section as a separate word; the stress within each section will fall on the penultimate syllable unless otherwise specified. This is the only way in which multiple accent marks can appear in a word.
Vowels
Normally when two vowels appear side-by-side, they are considered to be part of two separate syllables. Thus, senie (store, nominative) is pronounced "sen-EE-ay", with the i and e forming distinct syllables. For a greater range of vowel sounds, though, a diphthong can be formed. A diphthong is composed of two vowels side-by-side, with the second vowel having a diaeresis (two dots) drawn above it.
Example: The word guane, written as shown, would be pronounced "goo-AH-nay". However, if a diphthong is formed by writing guäne, the two vowels merge, and the pronunciation becomes "GWAH-nay".
In the event that a diphthong requires a written accent mark, that accent mark is placed over the first vowel. Thus, a theoretical word nepáï would be pronounced "nep-AYE".
Pronunciations of common diphthongs:
- aï = /ɑi/
- aü = /ɑʊ/
- eï = /ei/
- iä = /jɑ/
- ië = /jɛ/
- iï = /ji/
- iö = /jo/
- iü = /ju/
- oï = /ɔɪ/
- uä = /wɑ/
- uë = /wɛ/
- uï = /wi/
- uö = /wo/
- uü = /wu/
Nouns and adjectives
Gender
Noterelenda nouns are divided into three grammatical genders. The masculine and feminine genders are used only in reference to people or other animals, and their use is based solely on whether the person or animal is male or female. All inanimate objects are considered to be of the neuter gender. The neuter gender is also useful if one is talking about a person or animal but does not know whether it is male or female. The neuter gender can be used to express this uncertainty.
Case
As with other languages such as Classical Greek, Noterelenda nouns and adjectives change based on how they are used in a sentence. There are five cases used:
- Nominative - The subject of a sentence (The man went to the store).
- Accusative - A direct object (I took the apple).
- Genitive - Used to indicate possession (Paul's chair).
- Dative - An indirect object (She gave him the money).
- Vocative - Used to address someone or something (Where are you, Sue?).
The forms
As a result, each noun has a total of thirteen forms, one for each of four cases in each gender and a single vocative case common to all three. The endings are as follows:
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | -o | -a | -e |
Accusative | -on | -an | -en |
Genitive | -om | -am | -em |
Dative | -ol | -al | -el |
Vocative | -i* |
* In the case of nouns that end in the nominative case with the letter i followed by a vowel, such as nepaïe (country or nation), the vocative ending is dropped. Stress should be maintained on the same syllable, so in this case a written accent mark would need to be added to produce nepáï.
Irregular nouns
All nouns native to the language are regular, and will always use the endings described above. There are two main categories of irregular nouns: names of people and names of countries or other geographical locations.
Names of people
If the ending of a person's name does not fit any of the case endings for that person's gender ("Jacob", for instance, does not fit any masculine endings), then the person's name, unaltered in spelling, is used as the nominative case ("Jakob" in this instance since the letter "c" doesn't exist in Noterelenda). The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Jakon, Jakom, Jakol, Jaki).
If the ending of a person's name does fit a case ending for that person's gender ("Megan", for instance, fits the feminine accusative case), then that name, unaltered in spelling, is used for that case. The name is then altered accordingly to work with the other cases (Mega, Megam, Megal, Megi).
Names of geographical locations
For geographical locations, the same rules apply as with personal names, but all locations are considered to be in the neuter gender. Thus, Australia, for instance, which does not fit any neuter case endings, would be used as the nominative (with any modifications necessary to preserve pronunciation as much as possible, thus it would become "Astraliä"). It would be modified accordingly for the other four cases (Astraliën, Astraliëm, Astraliël, Astrali).
Other irregular nouns
The name of the language itself, Noterelenda, is semi-irregular. The only irregularity is that despite it not being a living creature, it is considered to be feminine instead of neuter.
Pronouns
Subject pronouns are not normally used, since the subject should be clear from the verb conjugation, but they do exist nonetheless. Object pronouns are used the same way as in Spanish, and the usage of possessive pronouns is similar, but not quite the same. With possessive pronouns, pluralization is based on the subject, not the object.
Subject pronouns
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
I | jo | ja | |
you | to | ta | |
he | ilo | ||
she | ila | ||
it | le | ||
we | nos | nas | |
you (pl) | vos | vas | |
they | los | las | les |
Object pronouns
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
I | jon | jan | |
you | ton | tan | |
he | ilon | ||
she | ilan | ||
it | len | ||
we | nones | nanes | |
you (pl) | vones | vanes | |
they | lones | lanes | lenes |
Possessive pronouns
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
I | jom | jam | |
you | tom | tam | |
he | ilom | ||
she | ilam | ||
it | lem | ||
we | nomes | names | |
you (pl) | vomes | vames | |
they | lomes | lames | lemes |
Adjectives
Adjectives usually come immediately after the noun in a sentence, and use the same case endings as the nouns they modify.
Numbers
Unlike other adjectives, numbers appear directly before the noun. Some common numbers are listed below in the neuter form.
# | Word | # | Word | # | Word |
1 | one | 21 | tesenone | 400 | kuöresine |
2 | tese | 30 | tredene | 500 | fibesine |
3 | trede | 40 | kuörene | 600 | seksine |
4 | kuöre | 50 | fibene | 700 | sedsine |
5 | fibe | 60 | sekene | 800 | erqesine |
6 | seke | 70 | sedene | 900 | nunisine |
7 | sede | 80 | erqene | 1000 | taüile |
8 | erqe | 90 | nuniëne | 2000 | téstaüile |
9 | nunië | 100 | sine | 3000 | trétaüile |
10 | dene | 101 | sinone | 4000 | kúörtaüile |
11 | denone | 102 | sintese | 5000 | fítaüile |
12 | detese | 110 | sindene | 10,000 | déntaüile |
13 | detrede | 111 | sindenone | 100,000 | síntaüile |
14 | dekuöre | 200 | tesine | 1,000,000 | milone |
20 | tesene | 300 | tresine | 1,000,000,000 | bilone |
1,846,408,109 | bilón'erqesinkuörensekemilón'kuöresinerqetaüíl'sinunië |
To create ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), add -et-. Thus, "first" would be onete, "second" would be tesete, "third" would be tredete, etc.
Other parts of speech
Transformations
To pluralize a noun, add -s. Exception: When using the 'da suffix, do not modify the base word at all; instead change the 'da to 'das. For instance, senie'da (the store) becomes senie'das (the stores).
To change a noun into an adjective, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix -ir, and then reattach the case/gender ending of the noun it is modifying. Thus, prente (person, neuter) becomes prentire (unless it is modifying a noun of a different gender, in which case it would become prentiro or prentira).
To change an adjective into an adverb, drop the case/gender ending, add the suffix -ler, and then reattach the relevant case/gender ending (if the adverb is to modify a verb, use neuter nominative). Thus, sosire (social) becomes sosirlere (socially). The -ler suffix is basically equivalent to the English -ly.
By applying these two rules together, you can change a noun into an adverb. Thus, the noun ride (river) becomes the adverb ridirlere (like a river, as applied to a verb).
Given the name of a nation, city, or other place, the genitive case can be used to denote something as being from that place or to make that place an adjective form. Thus, Bédistan (Bedistan) becomes Bédistem (Bedistani).
The rule for forming the diminutive form of a noun is slightly more complicated. Drop the case/gender ending, add -it, and then replace the removed ending. Thus, kaba (cow, feminine, nominative) becomes kabita, and qidadu (city, vocative) becomes qidaditu.
To form the comparative of an adjective, add ta'- to the front, and to from the superlative, add te'-. Thus, konsike (holy, neuter) becomes ta'konsike (holier) and te'konsike (holiest).
Interjections
There are no special spelling or grammatical rules for interjections.
Verbs
All Noterelenda verbs in their infinitive forms end in -ár. Each verb takes a total of 34 forms: six in each of the five simple indicative tenses, a past participle, a present participle, an infinitive, and an imperative form. Verbs are not modified by the gender of the nouns they interact with.
All tables in this section use the following format:
1st person singular | 1st person plural |
2nd person singular | 2nd person plural |
3rd person singular | 3rd person plural |
The verb krozár (to walk) is used as an example.
Type A tenses
To conjugate a verb to the present, preterite, or imperfect tense, the ending -ár is dropped and a suffix is added depending on the person:
Present
krozo = I walk
krozo | krozad |
krozas | krozis |
kroza | krozan |
Preterite
kroze iëre = I walked yesterday
kroze | krozago |
krozes | krozos |
krozu | krozun |
Imperfect
kroziö = I walked, without a specific timeframe
kroziö | krozigo |
kroziäs | krozigas |
kroziä | krozian |
Type B tenses
To conjugate a verb to the future or conditional tense, no letters are dropped and a suffix is added depending on the person:
Future
krozare = I will walk
krozare | krozarad |
krozares | krozaris |
krozara | krozaran |
Conditional
krozariö = I would walk
krozariö | krozarigo |
krozariäs | krozarigas |
krozariä | krozarian |
Type C (progressive) tenses
To form the past, present, or future progressive tense of a verb, conjugate the verb benár to the imperfect, present, or future respectively and follow it with the present participle of the action verb.
To form the present participle, remove the -ár ending and add -abo.
beno krozabo = I am walking
Type D (compound) tenses
There are four compound tenses: the present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, and conditional perfect. To form these, conjugate the verb jevár to the present, imperfect, future or conditional tense respectively and follow it with the past participle of the action verb.
To form the past participle, remove the -ár ending and add -ibo.
jeviö krozibo = I had walked
Type E (imperative) tense
There is only one imperative form for each verb. The imperative is formed by removing the -ár ending and adding -ab.
Krozab! = Walk!
Reflexive verbs
If the subject and object of a verb are the same, or if using verbs meaning "to become something", no object is written and the suffix 'de is appended to the end of the verb. For instance, agár'de means "to become angry", and seplo'de means "I talk to myself".
Vocabulary
All verbs listed are in the infinitive form. All nouns are in the neuter nominative. No adjectives or adverbs are listed, because they are all formed from nouns. This is by no means a comprehensive list.
Verbs
- aplicár - to apply
- buriár - to bore
- gár - to go
- endár - to eat
- agár'de - to become angry
- benár - to be
- oltár - to forget
- jevár - to have (as in, "I have gone")
- jotár - to have, to possess
- mertár - to mark, to tag
- partezár - to participate
- tepokár - to think
- seplár - to speak
- krozár - to walk
- kronár - to sing
- kentár - to want
- restiár - to write
- kostár - to cost
- espegár - to hit, to slap
- leïudár - to listen
- underár - to wonder
- guïrár - to win
- deferár - to defeat
- acredár - to agree
Nouns
Nouns marked with an asterisk (*) can also take masculine and feminine forms.
- adige - age
- apane - apple
- asósie - association
- belare - ball
- banane - banana
- bane - bathroom
- orse* - bear
- bole - bowl
- barte* - sibling
- kamele* - camel
- ate - car
- sintre - center
- seritene - certainty
- posile - chance
- qidade - city
- kenale - claw
- konabe - cloud
- klube - club
- kelene - colony
- kompetere - competition
- konsórdie - consortium
- nepaïe - country, nation
- kabe* - cow
- kate - cup
- de - day
- domine - dominion
- duke* - duke (duchess)
- Adítere - Earth
- aïste - east
- impre - empire
- enkulie - end
- farge - farm
- fifage - fire
- qoqerale - football (known as soccer in some countries)
- líbrie - freedom
- afrage* - friend
- jeme - game
- grádie - greatness
- jokame - home
- konsike - holiness
- otele - hotel
- iminte - imminence
- implosione - implosion
- aïle - island
- kree* - monarch (king/queen)
- laride - land
- lende - language
- makre - largeness
- letere - letter
- denade - money
- meseke - month
- lunare - moon
- montane - mountain
- norte - north
- norole - orange
- pine - pen
- pinate - pencil
- prente* - person
- repide* - raptor
- ride - river
- roze - rose
- iladimre - seaside
- salde - side
- soje* - child
- pekre - smallness
- estere - star
- senie - store
- sosie - society
- senore - sorriness
- sute - south
- sultane* - sultan
- sule - sun
- teride - string, thread
- egibe - team
- forpike - thread (on an Internet forum)
- tese - time, iteration
- tememe - time (measurement)
- artole - tree
- trute - trout
- unide - unity
- agadore - waterfall
- oste - west
- guäne - win, victory
- iuïne - winter
- uäte - wood
- murle - world
- etine - yard (measurement)
- garale - yard, lawn
- iëne - year
Adjectives
This section contains only those adjectives that are not formed from nouns.
Colors
- vigre - green
- anorade - orange
Other words
- kol - with
- tal - to
Useful phrases and sentences
Hello. - Sala.
Goodbye. - Godos.
Please (do something). - Pelore, (verb).
Example: Please go to the hotel. - Pelore, gab tal otelel'da. (Note otelel in the dative case, as it is an indirect object.)
Thank you. - Grade.
You're welcome. - Gradele.
I'm sorry. - Beno senorire.
Yes. - Aï.
No. - Ne.
Where is (place)? - Adië bena (place, accusative)?
Example: Where is the bathroom? - Ádië bena banen'da?
What is your name? - Lio bena nome tom/tam? (tom = male, tam = female)
My name is (name). - Nome jom/jam bena (name, accusative). (jom = male, jam = female)
Example: My name is Omario. - Nome jom bena Omarion.
How much does (thing) cost? - Komo kosta (thing, accusative)?
Example: How much does the apple cost? - Komo kosta apanen'da?
How are you [doing]? - Komo benas?
Good. - Gene.
OK. - Médie.
Bad. - Made.
Do you speak (language)? - Seplas (language, accusative)?
Example: Do you speak English? - Seplas inglen?
External links
The Grand Dominion of Bedistan | ||
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Main article: Bedistan | ||
Cities: Alexandria, Columbia, Dennis, Dionte, Eastfield, Graceville, Grant City, Griffin, Hampton, Hendersonburg, IJsselmeer, Jamestown, Los Triesto, Neue Metrewalk, New Haverford, New Lusambo, Sokojiwa Dosi, Sonoma City, Washington, Woodruff | ||
Provinces and districts: Carinia, East Koveria, Federal District, Fulton, Grant, Hampton, Henderson, Hyatt, Jackson, James, Kiusagad, Konila, Lincolnshire, Lolestu, Neshoba, Northwind, Novaria, Paruvia, Solara, Sonobago, Sonoma, Spalding, Troy, Uropia, West Koveria | ||
More info: Education, Flags, Presidents | ||
Sports: Bedistan national football team, Bedistan Premier League, University Athletic Association of Bedistan | ||
Miscellaneous: Bakrani, The Bedistan Sports Digest, Scott Henderson, Esther Marchese, Noterelenda, Oliver Sloas, West Jativa |